⑴though, although
表示“虽然,纵然”之意
这两个连词意思大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though较常使用,although比though正式,二者都可与yet,still或never,the less连用,但不能与but连用。例如:
I will remains firm though I must lower my physical sights.尽管我得降低体育(锻炼)的目标,但我的意志是坚强的。
Though I believe it,yet I must consider.尽管我相信这一点,但我还得考虑考虑。
Although/Though he was exhausted,(still) he kept on working.虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。
Although/Though he is very old,(yet) he is quite strong.他虽然年纪大了,身体还很健壮。
值得注意的是,although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多,though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例如:
She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 她虽然不用功学习,考试却及格了。
⑵as(though)
表示“虽然…但是”,“纵使…”之意
as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形,though也可用于这样的结构中,但although不可以这样用。例如:
Object as/though you may, I’ll go.(=Though/Although you may object, I’ll go.)纵使你反对,我也要去。
Hard as/ though he works,he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard,he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力,但几乎没取得什么进步。
Child as/though he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.(=Though he was a child,he knew what was the right thing to do.)虽然他是一个孩子,但他知道该做什么。
Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book so soon.纵然你读得快,你也不能这么快读完这本书。
Lover of towns as I am,I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life.尽管我爱城市,但我知道,以往的乡村生活使我受益匪浅。
Small as atome are, they are made up of still smaller units.尽管原子很小,但它们由更小的单位构成。
由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果,所以它的语气是比较强烈的,从而也更加坚定了主句的内容。例如:
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.不管你忙不忙,都要参加这个典礼。
Whether you believe it or not,it's true.无论你是否相信,这都是真的。
Whether or not they win this battle,they won't win the war.不管他们是否能赢得这次战役,他们绝不会赢得这场战争。[1]
﹙3﹚“no matter+疑问词=疑问词-ever
含义为“……都……;不管……都……”
它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如:
No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened,he would not mind.)无论发生了什么事情,他都不会介意的。
No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are,you must keep the law.)不管你是谁,你都需要遵纪守法。
When anyone does something for you, no matter how samll and no matter whether he's a superior or servant, it's proper to say“Thank you”.只要任何人替你做了一件事,不管事情多么微不足道,也不管他是你的上司还是你的仆人,你都应该说声“谢谢”。
但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。例如:
Whatever (=No matter what) you say, I won’t believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语句)无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。
I'll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。
Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句)不管谁来都受到欢迎。
此外,有时while也可以引导让步状语从句,但一般要位于句首。例如:
While I like the colour, I don't like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色,但不喜欢那形状。
综上所述,我们可以看出,学习让步状语从句的关键是关联词的选用;其次,要注意的是由as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序。
⑷whether...or...
表示“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”之意。
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