If your dog looks pleased to see you – it is probably because it loves the parti

If your dog looks pleased to see you – it is probably because it loves the parti

题型:不详难度:来源:
If your dog looks pleased to see you – it is probably because it loves the particular way you smell.
The odour of a familiar human apparently lingers like perfume in the animal’s brain – where it triggers an instinctive emotional response, research published yesterday reveals.
Our scent acts on a part of the canine brain associated with reward and the strongest reactions are produced by humans that pets know best, say scientists in America.
Gregory Berns, of Emory University in Atlanta, said: ‘While we might expect that dogs should be highly tuned to the smell of other dogs, it seems that the “reward response” is reserved for their humans.
"When humans smell the perfume or cologne of someone they love, they may have an immediate, emotional reaction that"s not necessarily cognitive.
"Our experiment may be showing the same process in dogs. But since dogs are so much more olfactory(嗅觉的) than humans, their responses would likely be even more powerful than the ones we might have.
"It"s one thing when you come home and your dog sees you and jumps on you and licks you and knows that good things are about to happen.
"In our experiment, however, the scent donors were not physically present.
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"That means the canine brain responses were being triggered by something distant in space and time. It shows that dogs" brains have these mental representations of us that persist when we"re not there."
The university’s experiment - the first of its type - involved 12 dogs of various breeds who underwent brain scans while five different scents were placed in front of them.
The scent samples came from the subject itself, a dog the subject had never met, a dog that lived in the subject"s household, a human the dog had never met, and a human that lived in the subject"s household.
The familiar human scent samples were taken from someone else from the house other than the handlers during the experiment, so that none of the scent donors were physically present.
The results showed that all five scents elicited a similar response in parts of the dogs" brains involved in detecting smells. Responses were significantly stronger for the scents of familiar humans, followed by that of familiar dogs.
The findings, which were published in the journal Behavioural Processes, showed that dogs reacted strongest to the scent of a familiar human even when they were not there.
Pets trained as help or therapy dogs showed greater brain activity than the other dogs in the test.
Researchers say the findings could improve the way animals who assist wounded veterans or disabled people are selected.
小题1:Why does your dog look pleased to see you ?
A.because your dog wants to play with you
B.because your dog is hungry
C.because your dog wants to attract your attention
D.because your dog loves the particular way you smell.
小题2:What’s the purpose of Emory university’s experiment ?
A.To study dog’s reaction while five different scents were placed in front of them.
B.To learn how to get along well with dogs
C.To know how to tell the difference between dogs
D.To improve the way animals who assist wounded veterans or disabled people are selected.
小题3:According to the passage, a dog will be most interested in____.
A.familiar dogs
B.a human the dog had never met
C.a dog the dog had never met
D.familiar humans
小题4:Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A.The dog’s olfactory responses would likely be even more powerful than the ones we might have.
B.In our experiment, the scent donors were physically present.
C.Dogs reacted strongest to the scent of a familiar human even when they were there.
D.Dog’s brain responses were not being triggered(引发) by something distant in space and time.

答案

小题1:D
小题2:A
小题3:D
小题4:A
解析
试题分析:本文介绍了嗅觉记忆能触发动物喜怒哀乐。
小题1:细节题:根据If your dog looks pleased to see you – it is probably because it loves the particular way you smell.可知你的狗很高兴看到你是为因为它喜欢你散发出的独特气味。故选D。
小题2:细节题:根据The university’s experiment - the first of its type - involved 12 dogs of various breeds who underwent brain scans while five different scents were placed in front of them.可知埃默里大学这项实验的目的是研究狗对五种气味的反应有何不同。故选A。
小题3:细节题:根据The results showed that all five scents elicited a similar response in parts of the dogs" brains involved in detecting smells. Responses were significantly stronger for the scents of familiar humans, followed by that of familiar dogs.可知实验结果显示,狗脑内负责嗅觉的区域对这五种气味都产生了类似的反应。对于熟人的反应尤其强烈,对于熟悉的狗次之。故选D。
小题4:考查细节理解。根据文章第六段中的But since dogs are so much more olfactory(嗅觉的) than humans, their responses would likely be even more powerful than the ones we might have.可知,狗的嗅觉比我们人的嗅觉灵敏。故选A。
举一反三
You might think that Western students are less shy when it comes to mingling with the opposite sex, but the truth is that pupils in the UK can feel just as awkward. Britons are actually quite reserved and being at university can make them feel out of their comfort zone. Everyone finds it difficult to talk to the other gender on campus.
However, there is a way of dealing with this shyness in Britain, and it is called “Freshers Week”. Freshers Week is designed to help people socialize and lose their inhibitions(顾虑; 抑制力). It is a one-week long party for first year students to welcome them before lectures and coursework begin.
I remember my first week at university - it was terrifying. I looked at the schedule for Freshers Week and was amazed at how much was planned. Every hall of residence organizes its own events to help students become friends with the people they live with. My hall was called “Goldney Hall” and the week ahead included a talent show, a comedy night, and themed parties, including one for which we had to dress up as golfers.
The first event I went to was a school kids party at which everyone dressed up as if they were in school. This party encouraged me to talk to all the people on my floor. One boy, who lived opposite my room, was very handsome and I felt nervous speaking to him at first. But when we met at the party dressed in silly school outfits, I remember feeling a lot more relaxed speaking to him.
It sounds strange, but drinking and dressing up seems to be how Britons overcome their shyness at university. My Freshers Week was hectic, but I managed to forget how scared I was.
One thing’s for sure: nothing helps you lose your inhibitions(顾虑; 抑制力) quite like dressing up as a golfer – complete with a golf club, checked hat and tweed jacket!
小题1:What does the underlined phrase mean in the fifthparagraph?
A.scaredB.disappointedC.happyD.very busy
小题2:In Britain, universities organize the “Freshers Week”to__________.
A.help the first year students to get rid of the shyness.
B.help the first year students to know about the campus.
C.intruduce the teachers to the first year students.
D.help the first year students to adapt to the campus life as soon as possible.
小题3:Which of the following statements is true according to the paragraph?
A.My first week life at university was happy.
B.The Western students also don’t know what to do when they meet the opposite sex.
C.Drinking and dressing up is how Britons overcome their scare at university.
D.Dressing up as a golfer can’t help you overcome the shyness.
小题4:What is the main idea of the paragraph?
A.My first year in the university.
B.What is the “Freshers Week”?
C.My busy first week campus life.
D.How to get rid of the first year students’ shyness.
小题5:Why did the school kids dressed up as if they were in school in the party?
A.because they felt a lot more relaxed speaking to others.
B.because they felt shy speaking to others.
C.because they felt nevous speaking to others.
D.because they felt frightened speaking to others.

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Human beings have a natural desire to explore the unknown. People with a strong interest in space like to say it is the last place left to explore. But scientists are warning that space exploration for long periods is not going to be easy. They say the human body is not designed to stay in space over an extended period.
The New York Times recently published a report about scientists who are preparing astronauts for a trip to the Moon. The newspaper said the scientists want to make sure that their crews return home in good health. But there are many problems to be solved before people are ready for long trips to the Moon, an asteroid or even the planet Mars.
Humans developed on a planet with a surface that is more than 70 percent water. Our bodies are also about 70 percent water. When there is no gravity that water moves up toward the head, raising pressure in the skull. Arms and legs grow weaker at what is called zero gravity because they no longer need to push against the force of gravity.
Five years ago, astronauts who spent weeks in space reported a change in their eyesight. These astronauts were members of the crew on the International Space Station. Research showed a change in the shape of their eyes. Normally-round eyeballs had become flat during time in space. The research also showed that the right eye was affected more than the left, and that men were more affected than women. Scientists could not find an explanation for the differences.
Bone loss was one of the problems first reported by astronauts returning to Earth after longer stays in space. So scientists designed exercise machines to use on the space station. Tests showed that the exercise equipment helped space travelers keep their bones almost as strong as when they left Earth.
There are other health issues for astronauts who spend a long time in space. They may have problems eating and sleeping. But the biggest health issue is exposure to radiation. On Earth, human beings are protected by the atmosphere and the planet"s magnetic field. In outer space, there is no such protection.
小题1:What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Long periods in space will affect the health of astronauts.
B.Scientists are trying to find out how to protect astronauts.
C.Space is dangerous to human beings.
D.People shouldn’t explore space.
小题2:What will happen to human bodies in space?
A.Arms and legs grow stronger at what is called zero gravity
B.Blood moves up toward the head.
C.Pressure in the skull will be raised.
D.All of the above.
小题3:The following are problems mentioned in the passage Except________.
A.bone lossB.loss of waterC.eyesightD.exposure to radiation
小题4:Why did scientists design exercise machines to use on the space station?
A.To make sure that their crews return home in good health.
B.To help astronauts keep their bones almost as strong as when they left Earth.
C.To help astronauts get ready for long trips to the Moon, an asteroid or even the planet Mars.
D.To let astronauts adapt to the environment of space.
小题5:What is true according to the passage?
A.The biggest health issue is exposure to Sunshine.
B.Research showed a change in the size of their eyes.
C.The right eye was affected less than the left.
D.Men were more affected than women.

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Last Thursday, I had the pleasure of visiting with Deputy Superintendent Pedro Martinez, Principal Neddy Alvarez and her staff at Western High School, located in the Clark County School District, in Las Vegas. The school undertook a comprehensive effort to completely transform the culture of the school and added a motivated group of talented teachers. Western altered(改变) the school day to add opportunities for students to get additional credits toward graduation and created smaller learning groups. As part of these comprehensive changes, the school’s leadership also focused on four main reforms to transform their school.
First, improvements started with the change in the relationship between the school and students to create a caring atmosphere at the school. Using the “Capturing Kids’ Hearts” strategies, school leadership and teachers began building a trusting environment and students and families described seeing changes aimed at improving student outcomes and ensuring the success of every student. The school day was altered to add more options for students to obtain additional credits toward graduation. Students and teachers were grouped into “houses,” so that smaller groups of teachers and counselors(辅导员)could create one-on-one relationships with students. Teachers and counselors said that the altered school day provides time to address student’s individual concerns and develop individualized learning plans to put every student on a path to graduation.
The school also made changes to encourage parents to support school and encourage real dialogues between parents and the teachers and leaders at Western. Funded in part through the United Way, the school created a family engagement center to get parents more involved in their children’s education, particularly parents of English language learners. Parents like Ally Gaona and Martha Mendez told me that they had a voice and the tools to engage in their children’s learning and that they recognize that the main responsibility for their children’s learning must rest with the parents. Parents were passionate about these positive changes and said that these changes signaled to the entire the community that the school was serious about family engagement.
小题1:What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To attract people to the school.
B.To talk about the school reforms.
C.To introduce the school
D.To introduce the relationship between the school and students.
小题2:How many main reforms are mentioned in the passage?
A.TwoB.ThreeC. FourD.Five
小题3: Students and teachers were grouped into “houses in order to ___.
A.provide time to address student’s individual concerns.
B.add more options for students to obtain additional credits toward graduation..
C.create one-on-one relationships with students.
D.develop individualized learning plans to put every student on a path to graduation.
小题4:Which statement is the right according to the passage?
A.Parents didn’t support the reforms.
B.The reforms intended to improve student outcomes and ensure the success of every student.
C.The school asked parents to donate their money.
D.the school was not serious about family engagement.

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阅读下面的短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Geography is an important tool for learning and understanding history. Geography affects history—just look at  the changes in world geography over recent years. Governments change, and __ countries were born.Many countries no longer have the same names they _ __even five years ago. Climate changes _  ___events such as droughts(干旱) and floods that cause lots of loss of life and the movements of people from one place to another in search of__. Environmental changes can change the entire ___of a community or region.
As with history, children have a natural interest in_ __. Watch a group of children playing in the sand. One child makes streets for his cars, _ __ a second child builds houses along the_ __.A third scoops out a hole and_   ___ the dirt to make a hill, then pours water in the __ to make a lake, using sticks for _ __. The children name the streets, and __  __ may even use a watering can to make_ __ that washes away a house. They may not realize it, _ ___these children are learning some core features(核心特征)of geography—how people interact with the Earth, how climate _ __land, and how places _ __each other through the movement of things from one place to another. Turning to maps or globes, When we talk with our children about vacation plans, events   ___around the world or historical events, we teach them a great deal about geography. Not only can such activities help our children learn how to use key reference tools,__   _ over time, they help them form their own mental maps of the world, which allows children to better organize and ___information about other people, places, times and_ __. Such activities also help our children learn to how to work together in the future.
小题1:
A.newB.someC.manyD.old
小题2:
A.didB.doC.areD.have
小题3:
A.bring aboutB.come aboutC.take placeD.happen
小题4:
A.relativeB.safeC.helpD.safety
小题5:
A.peopleB.historyC.natureD.housing
小题6:
A.climate B.building C.environment D.geography.
小题7:
A.while B.but C.and D.so
小题8:
A.paths B.streets C.railway D.ways
小题9:
A.makes B.createC.pull D.uses
小题10:
A.house B.street C.hole D.hill
小题11:
A.housesB.bridges C.streets D.road
小题12:
A.we B.heC.theyD.workers
小题13:
A.cloudy B.coverC.snowD.rain
小题14:
A.but B.and C.yet D.still
小题15:
A.effects B.affects C.affect D.influence
小题16:
A.relate to B.concernedC.involving D.refer to
小题17:
A.to happen B.happeningC.happen D.happened
小题18:
A.butB.and C.besides D.so
小题19:
A.write B.readC.understand D.know
小题20:
A.weatherB.history C.climate D.events.

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Forbes asked a panel of architects and campus designers to nominate their picks for the best-looking campuses in the world. These are their top choices.
Kenyon College
Gambier, Ohio, US
Mike Evans, a principal at Norfolk, Va., design firm Hanbury Evans Wright Vlattas + Company, says to be beautiful a campus must have a “signature campus space as a carrier of the campus brand.” At Kenyon College, that space is “Middle Path,” a 10-foot-wide footpath that serves as the Gothic hilltop campus’ central artery. More than just a trail, it’s a village green for the tight-knit campus community. Sergei Lobanov-Rostovsky, who teaches 17th-century poetry at Kenyon, says the college, both isolated and pastoral, is “a small place to think big thoughts.”
Oxford University
Oxford, England
Teaching within Oxford’s stone walls dates as far back as the 11th century, and the school is considered a paradigm(典范) for all college campuses. With its labyrinth of quads, cloisters, and archways, it evokes elegance and tradition at every turn. “Its monastic roots and the spectacular quality of its buildings make it an architectural wonderland,” says David Mayernik, associate professor at Notre Dame’s School of Architecture.
Princeton University
Princeton, N.J., US
Princeton’s style is pure Collegiate Gothic(学院派哥特式); most of it executed in gray stone covered in, yes, ivy. As imposing as these old stone structures are, the campus keeps life on a “human scale” by preserving green spaces and walkability.Sinuous footpaths, archways, plazas – all are designed to inspire spontaneous discussion and learning.
Scripps College
Claremont, Calif., US
The total plan of this women’s college, founded in the 1920′s, has always called for artistic connection between buildings and landscape. Together, architect Gordon Kaufmann, in collaboration with landscape architect Edward Huntsman-Trout, created a distinctively Southern Californian blend of Mission Revival-inspired architecture and landscape, which is lovely, evocative and intact. An expert in deciduous trees, Trout planted rows of liquid amber trees to give the students “a sense of autumn” come fall. He also peppered the campus with tulip trees, sycamores, almond and orange trees, as well as rare shrubs.
Stanford University
Palo Alto, Calif., US
New additions like the Science and Engineering Quad manage to gracefully blend modern and technological elements with the timeless, elegant aesthetics of the campus’ early California Mission Revival architecture. The campus also scores big points for its dramatic entrance via Palm Drive, its romantic Spanish red-tile roofs and myriad patches of green.
Tsinghua University
Beijing, China
Forbe’s panel of architects says natural setting plays a big part in assessing a campus’ beauty. In that regard, this campus is blessed: Founded in 1925, Tsinghua sits on the former site of the Qing Dynasty’s royal gardens. Many of Beijing’s most notable historical sites, like the Summer Palace, are close by. The campus is peppered with artificial ponds where stone benches and floating lotus blossoms inspire reflection.
小题1:In this text, the writer mentioned many best-looking campuses in the world. How many Universities are in America?
A.Six.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.
小题2:which school is considered a paradigm for all college campuses.?
A.Oxford University.B.Stanford University.
C.Scripps College.D.Princeton University.
小题3:Which University has the style of pure Collegiate Gothic?
A.Tsinghua UniversityB.Oxford University
C.Princeton UniversityD.Kenyon College
小题4: In which part of a magazine can we probably read this passage?
A.Entertainment.B.Education.C.Culture.D.Health.
小题5:Why does Tsinghua University enter the list of the best-looking campuses in the world?
A.because the amber trees give the students “a sense of autumn” come fall.
B.because the artistic connects between buildings and landscape.
C.because its natural setting plays a big part.
D.because it is founded in 1925.

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