Global warming is when the earth heats up，the temperature rises.It happens when
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Global warming is when the earth heats up，the temperature rises.It happens when greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide，water vapor，nitrous oxide(二氧化氮)，and methane(沼气) trap heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere，which increases the temperature.This is like when heat is trapped in a car.On a very hot day，the car gets hotter when it is out in the parking lot.This is because the heat and light from the sun can get into the car，by going through the windows，but it can’t get back out.Once the light is inside the car，it is trapped and the heat builds up，just like it does in the earth’s atmosphere.This is what the greenhouse effect does to the earth.The heat and light can get through the atmosphere，but it can’t get out.As a result，the temperature rises.
Sometimes the temperature can change in a way that helps us.The greenhouse effect makes the earth appropriate for people to live on.Without it，the earth would be freezing，or on the other hand it would be burning hot.We would not get the sun’s heat and light to make the night somewhat warm.During the day，especially during the summer，it would be burning because the sun would be up with no atmosphere to filter(过滤) it，so people，plants，and animals would be exposed to all the light and heat.
Although the greenhouse effect makes the earth able to have people living on it，if there gets to be too many gases，the earth can get unusually warmer，and many plants，animals，and people will die.They would die because there would be less food (plants like corn，wheat，and other vegetables and fruits)．This would happen because the plants would not be able to take in the heat.This would cause us to have less food to eat，but it would also limit the food that animals have.Gradually，people，plants，and animals would all die of hunger.
People are doing many things to try to stop global warming.One thing people are doing is carpooling.Carpooling is driving with someone to a place that you are both going to.This minimizes the amount of greenhouse gases put into the air by a car.
Another thing that people are doing is being more careful about leaving things turned on like the television，computer，and the lights.A lot of people are taking time away from the television，and instead，they are spending more time outdoors.This helps our planet out a lot.Now，more people are even riding buses，walking to school，and riding their bikes to lower the amount of greenhouse gases in the air.
Planting trees and recycling also help.If you recycle，less trash goes to the dump，and less trash gets burned.As a result，there are fewer greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.Although adults do many things to help stop global warming，kids can do just as much.
小题1:By the example given in Paragraph 1，the author wants to ________.| A．explain how greenhouse gases work | | B．show his feeling in a car in hot summer | | C．tell us cars are causes of greenhouse gases | | D．say that there are greenhouse gases in every car |
小题2:The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to “________”．| A．light | B．heat | | C．temperature | D．greenhouse effect |
小题3:What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?| A．If there is greenhouse effect，all the plants will die. | | B．Human beings are likely to disappear from the earth. | | C．Crops can’t take the heat if there is greenhouse effect. | | D．Although greenhouse effect is necessary，too much of it causes us to die. |
小题4:What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?| A．Why cars and buses pollute the air a lot. | | B．What kids can do to help stop global warming. | | C．What global warming is doing to the environment. | | D．Who should be responsible for the environmental problems. |
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答案
小题1:A
小题2:D
小题3:B
小题4:D |
解析
小题1: A
解析 写作目的题。通过这个例子作者形象地解释了地球温室效应形成的原理。
2答案 D
小题2: 代词指代题。根据第二段第二句的内容可知，温室效应使得地球适宜人类居住，故it指代温室效应。
小题3: D
解析 段落大意题。温室效应既有益处，也有害处，太多的气体会使温室效应过度，导致动植物死亡，人类也因此灭亡。
小题4:B
解析 逻辑结构题。文章最后三段谈论的都是成人为保护环境可以采取的行动，根据最后一句话“Although adults do many things to help stop global warming，kids can do just as much.”的提示，文章接下来可能会谈论儿童为保护环境能做的事情。 |
举一反三
Against the supposition that forest fires in Alaska，Canada and Siberia warm the climate，scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.
This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest fires to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions.Usually large fires destroyed forests in these areas over the past decade.Scientists predict that with climate warming，fires may occur more frequently over the next several centuries as a result of a longer fire season.Sunlight taken in by the earth tends to cause warming，while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling.
This is the first study to analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate.Earlier studies by other scientists had suggested that fires in northern regions sped up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants were released into the atmosphere and thus trapped heat.
Scientists found that right after the fire，large amounts of greenhouse gases entered the atmosphere and caused warming.Ozone (臭氧) levels increased，and ashes from the fire fell on faroff sea ice，darkening the surface and causing more radiation from the sun to be taken in.The following spring，however，the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire，because fewer trees covered the ground.Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space，leading to cooling.
“We need to find out all possible ways to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere，” scientists said.They tracked the change in the amount of radiation entering and leaving the climate system as a result of the fire，and found a measurement closely related to the global air temperature.Typically，fire in northern regions occurs in the same area every 80 to 150 years.Scientists，however，found that when fire occurs more frequently，more radiation is lost from the earth and cooling results.Specifically，they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicted,0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases，but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space.The net effect is cooling.Watts are used to measure the rate at which energy is gained or lost from the earth.
小题1:According to the new findings，taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may________.| A．result in a warming climate | | B．cause more forest fires | | C．lead to a longer fire season | | D．protect the forests there |
小题2:The following are the immediate effects after a forest fire EXCEPT________.| A．large amounts of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere | | B．the levels of ozone which is a type of oxygen increase | | C．snow on the ground mirrors more sunlight back into space | | D．ashes from the fire fall on the ice and darken the surface |
小题3:Earlier studies about northern forest fires________.| A．had analyzed all aspects of how northern fires influenced climate | | B．had indicated that forest fires would pollute the atmosphere | | C．had suggested that people should take measures to protect environment | | D．had suggested that the fires would speed up climate warming |
小题4:We can infer that forest fires in Alaska，Canada and Siberia may________.| A．warm the climate as the supposition goes | | B．cool the climate by reflecting more sunlight into atmosphere | | C．make more space for the growth of young trees | | D．help to gain more energy rather than release more energy |
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Three Boys and a Dad
Brad closed the door slowly as Sue left home to visit her mother.Expecting a whole day to relax，he was thinking whether to read the newspaper or watch his favourite TV talk show on his first day off in months.“This will be like a walk in the park，”he’d told his wife.“I’ll look after the kids，and you can go visit your mom.”
Things started well，but just after eight o’clock，his three little “good kids”—Mike，Randy，and Alex—came down the stairs in their night clothes and shouted “breakfast，daddy.”When food had not appeared within thirty seconds，Randy began using his spoon on Alex’s head as if it were a drum.Alex started to shout loudly in time to the beat(节拍)．Mike chanted “Where’s my toast，where’s my toast” in the background.Brad realised his newspaper would have to wait for a few seconds.
Life became worse after breakfast.Mike wore Randy’s underwear on his head.Randy locked himself in the bathroom，while Alex shouted again because he was going to wet his pants.Nobody could find clean socks，although they were before their very eyes.Someone named “Not Me” had spilled a whole glass of orange juice into the basket of clean clothes.Brad knew the talk show had already started.
By ten o’clock，things were out of control.Alex was wondering why the fish in the jar refused his bread and butter.Mike was trying to show off his talent by decorating the kitchen wall with his colour pencils.Randy，thankfully，appeared to be reading quietly in the family room，but closer examination showed that he was eating apple jam straight from the bottle with his hands.Brad realised that the talk show was over and reading would be impossible.
At exactly 11∶17，Brad called the daycare centre(日托所)．“I suddenly have to go into work and my wife’s away.Can I bring the boys over in a few minutes？”The answer was obviously “yes” because Brad was smiling.(2012·陕西，B)
小题1:When his wife left home，Brad expected to________.| A．go out for a walk in the park | | B．watch TV talk show with his children | | C．enjoy his first day off work | | D．read the newspaper to his children |
小题2:Which of the following did Randy do?| A．Drawing on the wall. | B．Eating apple jam. | | C．Feeding the fish. | D．Reading in a room. |
小题3:Why did Brad ask the daycare centre for help?| A．Because he wanted to clean up his house. | | B．Because he suddenly had to go to his office. | | C．Because he found it hard to manage his boys. | | D．Because he had to take his wife back home. |
小题4:This text is developed________.| A．by space | B．by comparison | | C．by process | D．by time |
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Scientists in Israel have discovered a new way to test for water pollution by “listening” to what the plants growing in water have to say.
By shining a laser beam (激光束) on the tiny pieces of algae floating in the water，the researchers said they hear sound waves that tell them the type and amount of contamination (致污物) in the water.
“It is a red light，telling us that something is beginning to go wrong with the quality of water，” said Zvy Dubinsky，an aquatic biologist at Israel’s Bar Ilan University.“Algae is the first thing to be affected by a change in water quality.”“The secret，” he said，“is to measure the rate of photosynthesis (光合作用) in the algae，meaning the plant’s ability to transform light into energy.” During photosynthesis，plants also release oxygen into the air.
Dubinsky’s technique is easy to perform because of the overabundance of algae in the planet’s water.Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere comes from algae.A prototype tester that occupies about one square meter of a laboratory desktop，shoots a laser beam at water samples to stimulate photosynthesis in the algae.But not all of the laser’s heat is used.Depending on the condition of the algae and the rate of photosynthesis，some of the heat is shot back into the water，creating sound waves，Dubinsky said.With a special underwater microphone，researchers are able to analyze the strength of the sound waves and determine the health of the algae and the condition of the surrounding water.
“Algae suffering from lead poisoning，like waste discharged from battery and paint manufacturing plants，will produce a different sound than those suffering from lack of iron or exposure to other toxins，” said researcher Yulia Pinchasov.She said that testing algae photosynthesis can determine water quality more accurately and easily than laborintensive methods now used like chemical and radioactive carbon testing.
小题1:The underlined word “algae” in Paragraph 2 probably refers to a kind of________.| A．instrument | B．plant | | C．wood | D．pollutant |
小题2:Why is the algae tested?| A．Because it floats on the water. | | B．Because it can have photosynthesis. | | C．Because it is the first to be polluted. | | D．Because it can produce different sounds. |
小题3:We can infer from the passage that________.| A．algae can produce a loud sound when polluted | | B．algae can die easily from pollution | | C．photosynthesis of the algae can only be caused by sunlight | | D．photosynthesis of the algae is related to water quality |
小题4:What would be the best title for the passage?| A．Scientists Listen to Plants to Find Water Pollution | | B．A Prototype Tester Is Used to Determine Water Pollution | | C．The Importance of Photosynthesis of the Algae | | D．The Problem of Chemical and Radioactive Carbon Testing |
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Most people are aware that outdoor air pollution can damage their health，but many do not know that indoor air pollution can also have significant health effects.Environmental Protection Agency studies indicate that indoor levels of pollutants may be 3～5 times，and occasionally more than 100 times，higher than outdoor levels.These levels of indoor air pollutants may be of particular concern because most people spend about 90% of their time indoors.
There are many sources of indoor air pollution in any home.These include sources such as oil，gas，coal，wood，and tobacco products，building materials，wet or damp carpet，and furniture made of certain pressed wood products，products for household cleaning and maintenance，personal care，or hobbies，central heating and cooling systems.
Immediate effects may show up after a single exposure (暴露) or repeated exposures.These include irritation of the eyes，nose，and throat，headaches，dizziness.Such immediate effects are usually shortterm and treatable.Sometimes the treatment is simply removing the person’s exposure to the source of the pollution，if it can be identified.
The likelihood of immediate reactions to indoor air pollutants depends on several factors.Age and preexisting medical conditions are two important influences.In other cases，whether a person reacts to a pollutant depends on individual sensitivity，which varies tremendously from person to person.Some people can become sensitized to biological pollutants after repeated exposures，and it appears that some people can become sensitized to chemical pollutants as well.
Certain immediate effects are similar to those from colds or other viral (病毒性的) diseases，so it is often difficult to determine if the symptoms are a result of exposure to indoor air pollution.While pollutants commonly found in indoor air are responsible for many harmful effects，there is considerable uncertainty about what concentrations or periods of exposure are necessary to produce specific health problems.People also react very differently to exposure to indoor air pollutants.Therefore，further research is needed to better understand the effects of indoor air pollution and to find efficient ways to protect our health.
小题1:According to the first paragraph，which of the following is NOT true?| A．People often fail to notice indoor air pollution. | | B．Indoor air pollution sometimes is more dangerous than outdoor air pollution. | | C．Outdoor air pollution may not be so serious as indoor air pollution. | | D．It is obvious that people have been paying more attention to indoor air pollution. |
小题2:According to the author，which may NOT be the source of indoor air pollution?| A．Building materials. | B．Wet carpet. | | C．Cooling system. | D．Refrigerators. |
小题3:What does the underlined word “irritation” in the third paragraph probably mean?| A．Bad intention. | B．Much sensitivity. | | C．Injury. | D．Carelessness. |
小题4:Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?| A．Reactions of Pollution | B．Danger from Home | | C．Pollution Resources | D．Different Pollutions |
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Why do human beings still risk their lives under ground and doing one of the dirtiest and most dangerous jobs in the world？It’s an increasingly urgent question，given the recent highprofile(引人注目的) mining accidents in Sago，W.Va.and Huntington，Utah.A small group of engineers and robotics experts look forward to a day in the nottoodistant future when robots and other technology do most of the dangerous mining work.
Robotic technology，in particular，holds much promise，McAteer says，especially when it comes to mapping mines and rescuing trapped miners—the special operations of the mining industry.
One of the first mining robots was developed five years ago at CarnegieMellon University’s Robotics Institute.It was called Groundhog and it looked like a golf cart.It used lasers(激光器) to “see” in dark tunnels and map abandoned mines—some of the most dangerous work in the business.
The latest design is called Cave Crawler.It’s a bit smaller than Groundhog，and even more advanced.It can take photos and video and has sensors mounted(增加) that can detect the presence of dangerous gases.Incredibly，the robot has a real sense of logic.If it comes across an obstacle it gets confused.It has to think through the process and where to go next，and sometimes it throws_a_fit just like a real person.
The biggest obstacle，though，is cost.The original research project was federally funded，but that money has dried up，and it’s not clear where future funding will come from. Partly for that reason，and partly because of advances in safety，mining is not nearly as dangerous as it was in the past.Since 1990，fatalities(致命性) have declined by 67 percent and injuries by 51 percent，according to the National Mining Association.
Some experts predict that robots in mines will serve much of the same function that they do in the automotive industry.The robots do the most repetitive and dangerous jobs，but don’t eliminate(消除) the need for human workers.
小题1:The underlined phrase “throws a fit” in Paragraph 4 probably means “________”．| A．gets angry | B．gets sick | | C．becomes hungry | D．becomes cheerful |
小题2:We can infer from the last paragraph that ________.| A．robots in mines will serve much in the automotive industry | | B．there will be no need for human workers in mines | | C．the mine robots will have a very bright future | | D．robots in mines have a long way to go |
小题3:Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?| A．Mining robots do most of the mining work at present. | | B．Groundhog can discover the presence of dangerous gases. | | C．Experts are trying to make robots save miners in danger. | | D．Robots cannot do dangerous work in dark areas. |
小题4:What can be the best title for the text?| A．Mining Accidents in America | | B．Could Robots Replace Humans in Mines? | | C．Cave Crawler，the Latest Robot | | D．The Development of Robots |
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