Botany （植物学） , the study of plants, occupies a particular position in the histor
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Botany （植物学） , the study of plants, occupies a particular position in the history of human knowledge．For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest （模糊的）） of insights．It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient．This is logical．Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants．They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food but also for clothing, tools, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes．Tribes living today in the jungle of the Amazon recognize hundreds of plants and know many properties of each．To them, botany has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of "knowledge" at all．
Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become, the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge grows．Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose or an apple．When nor Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer fields the next season—the first, great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken．Grains were discovered and from them flowed the wonder of agriculture: cultivated crops．From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild, and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience with plants in the wild would begin to fade away．
小题1:What does the writer mean when he says "This is logical" in the first paragraph?| A．Human knowledge of plants is well organized and very detailed． | | B．It is not surprising that early humans had a detailed knowledge of plants． | | C．There is no clear way to determine the extent of our ancestor"s knowledge of plant． | | D．It is reasonable to assume our ancestors behave much like people in pre-industrial societies． |
小题2:According to the passage, general knowledge of botany begun to fade away because ____．| A．people no longer value plants as a useful resource | | B．direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased | | C．botany is not recognized as a special branch of science | | D．research is unable to keep up with the increasing number of plants |
小题3:We learn that the first great step toward the practice of agriculture is____．| A．the changing diets of early humans | | B．the development of a system of names for plants | | C．the invention of agricultural implements （工具） and machinery | | D．the discovery of certain grasses that could be harvested and replanted |
小题4:Human would depend on the controlled production of a few plants for living with| A．the knowledge of plants | | B．the discovery of certain grasses | | C．the development of machinery | | D．the appearance of agriculture |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:B
小题3:D
小题4:D |
解析
试题分析：
小题1:B 细节题。根据第一段3,4,5行It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient．This is logical．说明史前人类可以对植物有一个很好的了解、故B正确。
小题2:B 推理题。根据第二段1,2行Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become, the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge grows．说明现代人与植物的直接的接触越来越少，导致我们这方面的知识越来越少。故B正确，
小题3:D 细节题。根据第二段3,4,5行When nor Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer fields the next season—the first, great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken．说明人们认识到某些草是可以收获和重新种植的时候，人们走出了农业的第一步。故D正确。
小题4:D 细节题。根据文章最后三行From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild, and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience with plants in the wild would begin to fade away．说明随着农业的出现，人类依靠着控制着一些植物的生长来存活。故D正确。
点评：文章讲述了人类与植物的紧密联系，在人类的发展历史上，植物是不可缺少的一环。农业的发展也正是与认为对植物的进一步了解慢慢加深的。 |
举一反三
It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents．The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby believes that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar （留下疤痕） a child"s personality and incline to emotional problems in later life．Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby"s work that children should not be sent to day care before the age of three, and many people do believe this．But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion．
Firstly, anthropologists （人类学家） point out that the hidden love between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies．For example, we saw earlier that among the Ngonis the father and mother of a child did not raise their infant alone．But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to understand．
Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents and caretakers found that children had problems with it．But Bowlby"s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects．The possibility that such care might lead to more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be noticed by the use of statistics．Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial．
Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have reported that day care had a neutral of slightly positive effect on children"s development．But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue．
小题1:This passage is mainly talking about________．| A．children"s personality | | B．advantages of infants" early care | | C．infants" education | | D．negative effect of infant school |
小题2:The phrase "day care in the first paragraph probably means_____.| A．nursing school | B．baby-sitter | | C．boarding school | D．primary school |
小题3:According to Bowlby, children under the age of three______．| A．should not be sent to school | | B．should be cared for outside the home | | C．will not suffer fro m parental separation | | D．don"t mind who will look after them |
小题4:The argument against Bowlby"s conclusion shows that___．| A．children have problems with day care | | B．there is no negative effect on infants who go to school before three | | C．there is a long-term effect on infants who go to school before three | | D．children who are sent to school before three are sent to mental illness |
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When an ant dies, other ants take it out of the nest, often within an hour after its death. This behavior interests scientists and they wonder how ants know for sure—and so soon—that another ant is dead.
One scientist recently came up with a way to explain this ant behaviour. Dong-Hwan Choe is a biologist, a scientist who studies animals and plants. He found that ants have a chemical on the outside of their bodies that signals to other ants, “I"m dead—take me away” when it is dead.
But there"s a question to answer: As we know, if an ant is dead, it stops moving. But when an ant is sleeping or knocked unconscious, it is also not moving. However, other ants don"t move the living ant out of the nest. How do they know this ant is not dead? Choe found that ants have another chemical on their bodies, which tells nearby ants something like, “Wait—I"m not dead yet” when it is not dead. Choe suspects that when an ant dies, the chemical that says, “Wait I"m not dead yet” quickly goes away. When other ants detect the “dead” chemical without the “not dead yet” chemical, they move away the body.
To test his theory , Choe and his team put different chemicals on ants. When the scientists used the “I"m dead” chemical, other ants quickly moved the treated ant away. When the scientists used the “Wait—I"m not dead yet” chemical, other ants left the treated ant alone. Choe believes this behavior shows that the “not dead yet” chemical overrides the “dead” chemical when picked up by other ants. And that when an ant dies, the “not dead yet” chemical fades away. Other nearby ants then detect the remaining “dead” chemical and remove the body from the nest.
Understanding this behavior can help scientists figure out how to stop ants from invading new places and causing problems.
小题1:What is the function of the first paragraph?| A．Leading the following paragraphs. | | B．Showing the main idea of the passage. | | C．Introducing the background of the passage. | | D．Giving a summary of the passage. |
小题2:Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined word “overrides” in the fourth paragraph?| A．is weaker than | B．is stronger than | C．is better than | D．is worse than |
小题3: What can we learn from the passage?| A．Living ants can also be taken away when they are not moving. | | B．When an ant dies, it can tell others using a certain chemical. | | C．A living ant can pretend to be dead using a special chemical. | | D．Ants often use chemicals to communicate with each other. |
小题4:Which of the following descriptions about Dong-Hwan Choe is right?| A．Choe did this study in order to stop ants from invading new places. | | B．Choe is a biologist who is only interested in animals, especially in ants. | | C．Choe first came up with an idea to explain this ant behavior，and then did some tests to prove his theory. | | D．Choe did the research on this ant behavior on his own |
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No satisfactory way exists to explain how to form a good idea. You think about a problem until you"re tired, forget it, maybe sleep on it, and then flash! When you aren"t thinking about it, suddenly the answer arrives as a gift from the gods.
Of course, all ideas don"t occur like that but so many do, particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind, glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery but they must come from somewhere. Let"s assume they come from the "unconscious." This is reasonable, for psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the individual. Creative thought depends on what was unknown becoming known.
All of us have experienced this sudden arrival of a new idea, but it is easiest to examine it in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form and have written it down in their life stories and letters. One can draw examples from genius in any field, from religion, philosophy, and literature to art and music, even in mathematics, science, and technical invention, although these are often thought to depend only on logic and experiment. All truly creative activities depend in some degree on these signals from the unconscious, and the more highly insightful the person is, the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.
A type of creative experience is illustrated by the dreams which came to Descartes at the age of twenty-three and determined his life path. Descartes had unsuccessfully searched for certainty, first in the world of books, and then in the world of men. Then in a dream on November 10, 1619, he made the significant discovery that he could only find certainty in his own thoughts, cogito ergo sum ("I think; therefore, I exist"). This dream filled him with intense religious enthusiasm.
Descartes" experience is representative of countless others in every field of culture. The unconscious is certainly the source of instinctive activity. But in creative thought the unconscious is responsible for the production of new organized forms from relatively disorganized elements.
小题1:Good ideas come from ________according to the writer. | A．the unconscious | B．creative activities | C．dreams | D．logic and experiments |
小题2:The underlined word “these” (paragraph 3) probably refers to __________. | A．philosophy, music, mathematics and science | | B．religion, philosophy, literature, art and music | | C．mathematics, science, and technical invention | | D．both B and C |
小题3:What point can we see in the example of Descartes ?| A．Dreams are the sources of instinctive activities. | | B．Dreams sometimes contribute to important discoveries. | | C．Geniuses have creative thoughts in their dreams. | | D．Important discoveries are always made in dreams. |
小题4: The best title for this passage may be __________. | A．The Unknown Becoming Known | B．The Role of Dreams | | C．The Unconscious and Creative Activities | D．Birth of Bright Ideas |
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Everyone worries. But how do you deal with your worries? Whether your worries are big or small, you can take these three steps to deal with your worries:
1. Try to find out what you"re worried about
Sometimes, you will know what you"re worried about. Other times ,you might not. Try to find it out first; if you can"t, you can ask for help.
2. Think of ways to make it better
There is always something you can do to help you feel less worried. Sitting there worrying is no fun and it won"t solve your problem.111
Grades at school are often top worries for kids. If you"re worried about grades, ask yourself these questions:
★ Why are grades important? What do grades mean to me?
★ How do I get ready for class? Do I go over my notes even when there isn"t a test?
★Do I have a good place to do my homework?
★ Have I tried different ways of studying?
If your worry is about a fight you had with a friend, you might write down all the things you could do: write a note to him or her, invite him or her to a basketball game, say sorry to him or her, etc. Once you have a list of things you could do, you can choose the one that gets your friend back.
3. Ask for help
When you"re worried, it can help to find someone to talk to. You can ask your parents, friends, or teachers for help.
小题1: How many steps of dealing with your worries are mentioned in the passage?| A．Two. | B．Three. | C．Four. | D．Seven. |
小题2:When you don"t know what you"re worried about,_________| A．you don"t need to think of ways | | B．you can"t ask for help | | C．you should try to find it out. | | D．you can sit there worrying |
小题3:If you"re worried about grades, you can ask yourself these questions except “_____” | A．Why don"t my friends like me? | | B．What do grades mean to me? | | C．How do I get ready for class? | | D．Why are grades important? |
小题4:According to the passage, what will you do if you have a fight with your friend?| A．Make a new friend. | | B．Don"t talk to him or her any more. | | C．Have another fight with him or her. | | D．Invite him or her to a basketball game. |
小题5:The passage mainly tells us __________.| A．who is often worried | | B．when people are worried | | C．how to deal with our worries | | D．what kind of worries people have |
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Many children use the Internet to get useful knowledge and information, and to relax in their free time. But some of them are not using it in a good way. Here are some rules to make sure you are safe and have fun on the Internet.
※Make rules for Internet use with your parents. For example, when you can go online, for how long and what activities you can do online.
※Don’t give your password（密码）to anyone else, and never give out the following information: your real name, home address, age, school, phone number or other personal information.
※Check with your parents before giving out a credit（信用）card number.
※Never send a photo of yourself to someone in email unless your parents say it’s OK.
※Check with your parents before going into a chat（聊天）room. Different chat rooms have different rules and attract different kinds of people. You and your parents will want to make sure it’s a right place for you.
※Never agree to meet someone you met on the Internet without your parent’s permission（允许）. Never meet anyone you met online alone.
※Always remember that people online may not be who they say they are. Treat everyone online as if they were strangers.
※If something you see or read online makes you uncomfortable, leave the site. Tell a parent or teacher right away.
※Treat other people as you’d like to be treated. Never use bad language.
※Remember - not everything you read on the Internet is true.
小题1:The writer tells children to _________.| A．send their own photos to him | | B．make rules for Internet use with parents | | C．believe everything they read on the Internet | | D．give out their personal information |
小题2:It’s good for children to ______ on the Internet.| A．give password to others | | B．get useful knowledge and information | | C．give out a credit card number | | D．go into a chat room as they’d like to |
小题3:What shouldn’t be done when you are on line? _________| A．Using bad language | | B．Sending messages and emails | | C．Leaving the site if you feel uncomfortable | | D．Treating everyone online as strangers |
小题4:If your parents don’t agree, never ________.| A．read anything on the Internet | | B．relax in your free time | | C．have a face-to-face meeting with anyone you met online | | D．treat other people as you’d like to be treated |
小题5:The passage is mainly about _________ .| A．How to use computers | B．Surfing on the Internet | | C．Information on the Internet | D．Internet safety rules |
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