When I worked as a waitress in Chicago, US, my coworkers and I would sigh whenev
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When I worked as a waitress in Chicago, US, my coworkers and I would sigh whenever we heard someone with a foreign accent coming into our restaurant. We knew what it meant to serve a non-American: no tip. We would work just as hard as we always did, but we might not get paid.
Americans have an unspoken rule about tipping: they give tips to almost everyone who offers them a service of some kind. Americans tip their waiters, barbers and taxi drivers. An appropriate tip is between 15 and 20 percent of the amount charged for the service (But the charge for the tip doesn’t appear on the bill. The customer is expected to add it himself/herself.) Tipping less than this sends a message to your waiters that you think they’ve done a bad job serving you. And to leave no tip at all is simply unacceptable.
It’s not that American waiters are greedy. In many countries, waiters are paid a salary for their work. They’ll earn money even if no one comes into the restaurant. This system offers much more safety for waiters than the American version. In the US, waiters know that a night without customers means a night without pay.
Some countries include a tip for waiters – a “service charge” – on the bill itself. Since the tip is included with the other charges, waiters don’t need to worry about people forgetting to tip. But in the US, waiters do not receive a salary, and service charges only appear on bills when there are six or more customers at the table.
Since almost all American customers are familiar with the system, they know to add a tip without being told. But visitors to the US may expect waiters to be paid a salary, or think that the tip is included on the bill.
So much as we waiters loved hearing stories about other places from our foreign customers, we were always nervous when they got ready to leave the restaurant. We were never sure what to expect.
小题1:If you order $200 worth of food, which of the following is a proper total payment?小题2:Why don’t some foreigners tip a waiter according to the writer?.| A．because they are unfamiliar with the American tip system . | | B．because they are too mean to give tips to any waiter. | | C．because they have difficulty communicating with waiters. | | D．because they are not really easy to become satisfied. |
小题3:What can we learn from the passage?
A. The service charge never appear on the bill in the USA.
B. Customers are usually expected to tip waiters in the USA.
C. Dining out in other countries is much more expensive than in the USA.
D. Waiters in other countries earn much more money than those in the USA.
小题4:What is the main purpose of the passage?| A．To complain about the difficult life of American waiters. | | B．To warn other waiters not to serve any foreign customer. | | C．To call on foreign customers to leave tips for American waiters. | | D．To tell us something about American waiters’ salary system. |
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答案
小题1:D
小题2:A
小题3:B
小题4:D |
解析
试题分析：本文叙述在美国服务行业的小费是普遍现象，是一个不成文的规定，因为在美国，服务员没有工资，只有客人给的服务费，才是自己的收入。
小题1:这是细节理解题。根据An appropriate tip is between 15 and 20 percent of the amount charged for the service (But the charge for the tip doesn’t appear on the bill. 故选D。
小题2:这是细节理解题。根据But visitors to the US may expect waiters to be paid a salary, or think that the tip is included on the bill.外国人不熟悉这里小费的事情，故选A。
小题3:这是细节理解题。根据Americans have an unspoken rule about tipping: they give tips to almost everyone who offers them a service of some kind.故选B。
小题4:这是写作意图题。根据从全文来看，讲述了美国的服务人员的小费问题，故选D。
点评：阅读理解题目中的作者意图题目可以包括意图、态度、目的题目， 在考试中出现的比率很大。不同的文章可能有不同的写作意图,但写作意图通常有以下三种：1）to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑） 2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点）3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息） |
举一反三
Hoffman，40，a former senior vice president of a financial company，had what she describes as “one of those extreme jobs.” “I loved working,” she says. But her career path reached a crossroad when her second child was born，and she left her job in February 2007. Hoffman is one of many people who have left the work force to take a break，but she has a position as a consultant．She has described this type of career detour(绕路) ----- which is more common for women than for men—as “off- ramping．” Typically it occurs when the balancing act of parenting and work becomes too tough．
A study by the center found that more than 90 percent of women who off-ramp want to on-ramp back into the work force eventually．But making the transition back to work is rarely easy，and it is even harder in this economic climate of layoffs and hiring freezes.
Considering some of the obstacles faced by on- rampers , a three-day program called “Greater Returns：Restarting Your Career” was held at Columbia University. The goal of the three days was to have them walk away with a big shot of confidence.
According to one school of thought, women looking to make a comeback might even have an advantage in the current economy，especially if they are looking for part-time or consultant positions that do not offer benefits. And a majority of on-rampers are women with extensive working experiences that could give them a slight advantage over less-experienced competition．
“You absolutely cannot be defensive about why you off-ramped,” Ms Hoffman says, “ defensive” would have put her into a hard situation if the Greater Returns program had had not taught her how to describe the years she spent at home．“I now feel confident talking to an employer and saying，‘ Yes，I have been out of the work force，but here is where I can make significant contributions.’”
小题1:What is the best title for the passage?| A．Off ramp：it is common | | B．On ramp：it is easy | | C．Off ramp or on ramp：it depends on confidence | | D．Off ramp to on ramp：it can be a hard Journey |
小题2:According to the passage，Greater Returns___________．| A．is intended to relieve the pressure of the jobless women | | B．has all the jobless women restart their career | | C．will build up the confidence of those in search of jobs | | D．is to last a11 the year around for the jobless women |
小题3:The main reason for the women’s off-ramping is that_________．| A．they have to suffer the sexual discrimination | | B．they have to parent their children | | C．they reach a crossroad of career | | D．they have great work pressure |
小题4:From what Ms．Hoffman says in the last paragraph，we can conclude________ . | A．she didn’t get advice from the Greater Returns program | | B．she was defensive about her off-ramping | | C．she didn’t get the job because she lied about her experience | | D．she is off ramp partly due to her straightforward manner |
小题5:Which job is easier to get for a woman off-ramper?| A．Regular workers. | B．Casual workers. | | C．Company managers. | D．Bank clerks. |
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For many people – especially those juggling (兼顾) family and work at the same time --- it can be difficult to stick with a college degree. Kathy Bitzthum thought many times about dropping out of her accounting program at Iowa State University: She had two children and a job at Electronic Technology Corp. She’d only enrolled in the first place because her boss would offer her a promotion if she took a few accounting courses.
Because she only had enough time to take one class at a time, it took her seven years to complete the courses her boss asked her to take on. She received the promotion as her boss promised and wasn’t planning to continue a degree. But a request from her father, who was dying of cancer, made her think twice. He said to her, “Kathy, why don’t you just keep going and get your degree?”
Before he passed away, he made her promise that she would finish it. And he made her a promise in turn. Vitzthum’s parents had agreed to give each of their children a valuable gift when they graduated from college, and Vitzthum was obsessed with an antique she’d come across and knew that she couldn’t afford. After she promised to graduate from college, her parents bought her the antique. Her father told her, “I’m not going to be around when you graduate, so I’ll give this to you now. But it doesn’t _________ until you graduate from college.”
Since then, Vitzthum has looked at that antique every day and remembered the promise she had made to her father. Despite a hectic life as a wife, mother and full-time employee, she’s taken one course every semester for the last 19 years. And finally, at the age of 48, she graduated with a bachelor’s degree in accounting --- and she was excited to accept full ownership (所有权) of the antique that she’d borrowed for more than a decade.
小题1:What had contributed to Kathy’s studying the accounting program at Iowa State University?
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小题2:Why did it take Kathy seven years to finish the accounting program?(no more than 10 words)
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小题3:What did Kathy’s father make her promise to do before he died?(no more than 10 words)
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小题4:Fill in the blank in Paragraph 3 with proper words.(no more than 3 words)
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小题5:What does the passage mainly talk about?(no more than 12 words)
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BEIJING - The country"s top health officials state that an international charity"s decisions not to give millions of dollars to Chinese organizations that fight AIDS and other diseases will not bring about the end of those organizations.
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria announced on Monday that it will withhold $95 million from the $270 million in grants(补助金) it had planned to give China. That decision came as the result of months of discussion between the charity and Chinese officials.
On the mainland, a large number of programs meant to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS have received money from the Global Fund. Many observers now fear that the announced cut will undermine those organizations" work.
Chen Zhu, the minister of health, said officials have found a way to limit the harm. “In the coming five years, the Chinese government will constantly increase its financial support of social organizations, particularly those that work to control and prevent HIV/AIDS.” Chen said while addressing the 6th Experience Exchange Conference of International Cooperation Program on HIV/AIDS in China on Monday.
In a recent survey of more than 200 organizations taking part in the fight against HIV/AIDS on the mainland, nearly 80 percent of them said they had received grants from the Global Fund. About 83 percent of them said they will find it difficult to continue operating without financial support from abroad, it said. Official statistics showed the Global Fund has given China $548 million in grants since 2003.
Xia Jing, leader of a Beijing-based grassroots organization dedicated to controlling AIDS, said: “We were like children fostered by foreign milk. As foreign money began to be withdrawn from China, we were faced with serious financial hardships.” Han Mengjie, executive director of Global Fund China Programs, said the Chinese government has fully recognized the important role social organizations play in controlling diseases. “The work done and efforts made by such organizations must be sustained for a long time to supplement the government"s intervention work,”he said, “We have to face the truth that international money for AIDS control will gradually leave China and to prepare ourselves to deal with that.”
小题1:Which sentence is the closest to the title of the passage?| A．China will have to fight against AIDS alone, though facing financial hardship. | | B．Chinese organizations of fighting against AIDS and other diseases won’t receive money from international charity. | | C．The fight against AIDS won’t be stopped by the withdraw of money from charity in China. | | D．Chinese organizations of fighting against AIDS and other diseases will be reduced to despair. |
小题2:According to Han Mengjie, which of the following is the most possible action to be taken?| A．Chinese government is expected to seek help from social organization to control diseases | | B．Chinese government shouldn’t rely too much on social organizations | | C．Social organizations’ work and efforts won’t make much difference to the fight against AID | | D．We Chinese are well prepared for the international money’s withdraw from China |
小题3:How much money will China have received from Global Fund by the end of this year ?| A．$818 | B．$548 | C．$ 270 | D．$723 |
小题4:What implication can we get from the passage？| A．Many people are not optimistic about the control of AIDS. | | B．Chinese government will take an active part in AIDS control. | | C．International charity are treating China unfairly. | | D．Most organization related with AIDS control had received money from the Global Fund before this announcement on Monday. |
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Sports are full of wonderful moments, but perhaps 36 is as exciting as the finish of the marathon. It is the longest, hardest 37 of all. The name “marathon” comes from a village in 38 . A famous battle was 39 there in the year 490 BC. When the Greeks had beaten the Persians, a soldier 40 all the way 41 Marathon to Athens, more than 40 kilometers to 42 people the good 43 . When the modern Olympic Games 44 in 1896, the organizers knew this 45 . The marathon has been a race 46 that time.
In the ancient world the Olympic Games were held 47 four years of 1000 years. They were an important part of life. In the 48 Games we try to copy their 49 . The finest sportsmen in the world are collected in one place 50 at least the finest “amateurs（业余爱好者 ） ” are. An amateur is someone who does not earn 51 money from sport. It is often difficult to say who is an amateur and who is not. It is 52 that Olympic athletes do not earn large amounts of money like professional （职业的）sportsmen. But Olympic athletes are often students or teachers of a 53 . They have to 54 a lot of time training. Their governments pay for their training travel and pocket money, 55 they want them to win. Some people think this changes the Olympics. They feel that the Games are now a political marathon.
| 小题1: | | A．something | B．everything | C．anything | D．nothing |
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| 小题3: | | A．Greece | B．England | C．America | D．France |
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| 小题4: | | A．broken out | B．fought | C．happened | D．taken place |
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| 小题5: | | A．went | B．drove | C．ran | D．walked |
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| 小题8: | | A．story | B．film | C．result | D．news |
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| 小题9: | | A．held | B．broke out | C．had | D．started |
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| 小题10: | | A．news | B．soldier | C．story | D．race |
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| 小题13: | | A．modern | B．exciting | C．interesting | D．important |
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| 小题14: | | A．plans | B．diaries | C．ideas | D．programs |
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| 小题16: | | A．some | B．any | C．a little | D．much |
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| 小题17: | | A．true | B．false | C．a lie | D．interesting |
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| 小题18: | | A．country | B．lesson | C．game | D．sport |
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Homelessness is a huge problem all over the world. It’s said that each day there are about 1 million people living on the streets in the US. It is a serious problem which should be dealt with effectively.
There are two main reasons for people leaving their homes: poverty and less affordable houses due to bad economic conditions. Other reasons include: domestic violence, divorce, and mental illness. Living without a home makes people main targets of violence activities and besides, these homeless people have to face the following difficulties on a daily basis.
They have to move about, carrying their belongings, which makes it difficult for the charity and the government to help them. They have limited access to bathrooms and restrooms and are forced to live in dirty conditions, making them easy to be attacked by diseases. They have limited access to health-care facilities in case of emergency, and almost no access to education as they have no money. They are often ill-treated by society, which makes them unfriendly, often ending up being involved in activities connected with crime like selling drugs or guns.
Homelessness is not something that happened overnight --- it has been in the country for decades. The society usually believes those living on the street to be mentally unstable. This belief is partially true. Most of them are normal people just like you and me.
The federal government is doing all it can to help but it is not enough, so the ordinary citizens have to stand up and try to help whenever it’s possible. There are various organizations, such as charity organizations that are working constantly to make sure that homeless people find a shelter to live in. the united efforts have helped millions of people return to their normal lifestyle. However, there is still a long way to go before a better situation is created for all the homeless.
小题1:Homeless people suffer from all the following except __________.| A．violent activities | B．disease attack | C．moving a lot | D．heavy work |
小题2:The homeless are usually treated as __________.| A．having mental problems | B．a danger to society | | C．physically disabled people | D．being too lazy to do anything |
小题3:Which of the following are mentioned to help solve the problem of the homeless?
① the government ② homeless people ③ charity organizations ④ the ordinary citizens小题4:What can we learn from the passage?| A．Most homeless people died of hunger and cold. | | B．The homeless should work hard to change their own situation. | | C．The homeless problem is a serious problem that need solving effectively. | | D．The homeless people have nothing to take when they move about. |
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