阅读理解 When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take a

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阅读理解
     When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no
other witnesses. This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect.
     The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine "Kitty"
Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964. Early in the morning,
28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she
was attacked and stabbed (刺) by a man later identified as Winston Moseley. Despite Genovese"s
repeated cries for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her
cries called police for help. The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first
contacted police.
     Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans. As the conclusion,
the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments.
     There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much
pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those
present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other
observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not
appropriate.
     Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous
(not clear). In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers" quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
1. The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because        a woman surnamed Genovese.
A. its discovery resulted from the murder of
B. it somehow caused the murder of
C. it was actually discovered by
D. it always makes people think of
2. It"s likely that the neighbors didn"t offer help because__________.
A. They believed in the bystander effect.
B. They knew Genovese and Moseley well.
C. They were afraid of the murderer.
D. They thought someone else might help.
3. Before deciding to offer help, observers may        , according to the psychologists.
A. wait for sort of a signal
B. want to be sure it"s appropriate to react
C. hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt
D. wonder if the victim is worth helping
4. The article seems to suggest that, if there had been     observers, Genovese might not have been
murdered.
A. no
B. braver
C. more
D. fewer

答案

1-4: ADBD

举一反三

阅读理解     English is fast becoming the language of science around the world, but what is its future among
everyday speakers? One expert points out that the percentage of native English speakers is declining
(降低) while the languages of other rapidly growing regions are being spoken by increasing numbers of
people. But English will continue to remain widespread and important.
     However, British language scholar David Graddol says English will probably drop in dominance(主导)
by the middle of this century to rank, after Chinese, about equally with Arabic, Hindi, and Urdu. "The
number of people speaking English as a first language continues to rise, but it isn"t rising nearly as fast as the
numbers of many other languages around the world, simply because the main population group has been
largely in the less developed countries where languages other than English have been spoken," he says.
     In a recent article in the journal Science, Mr. Graddol noted that three languages that are not near the
top of the list of the most widely spoken now might be there soon. These are Bengali, Tamil and Malay,
spoken in south and southeast Asia.
     David Crystal, the author of The Cambridge Encyclopedia(百科全书) of the English Language, says
about 1.5 billion of the world"s six billion people speak it as a second tongue compared to the 400 million
native speakers. But another expert on the English language says Mr. Graddol underestimates (低估) the
future of its dominance. "All the evidence suggests that the English language snowball is rolling down a hill
and is getting faster, but nobody quite knows what"s going to happen because no language has been in this
position before." He said.1. In David Graddol"s opinion, English will _____.A. remain widespread and important
B. be more important than any other language
C. lose its dominant position
D. die away in the near future.2. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph implies that _____.A. snowballs will roll down faster than language balls
B. the English language snowball is rolling down faster than any time in the past
C. the English language will soon drop in dominance
D. more and more language user will choose English3. According to David Graddol, which of the following will possibly be one of the languages that will be most widely spoken?A. Malay.
B. Arabic.
C. Urdu.
D. German4. What should be the best title for the passage?A. English Remaining the Dominant Position
B. The Future of English? Who Knows?
C. Opinions from Different Experts
D. The English Language Snowball Rolling Down

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阅读理解。

     High unemployment is the biggest threat to the global recovery,the head of the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) warned.Dominique StraussKahn,the IMF"s managing director,warned
against selfsatisfaction as he pointed out "we are still in a crisis" in spite of the improving
economic conditions.The key to steady growth of economy,he said,would be jobs.
     "A year ago,my worry was a recovery without jobs.This is now certainly a recovery with
not enough jobs,"he said."For_the_young,there_is_now_a_risk_that_will_turn_into_a_life_
sentenee."
     Britain is one of several developed nations facing high levels of joblessness.Total
unemployment is running at 7.8%,but one in five 16 to 24year olds is out of work and the
percentage is still rising,according to the Office for National Statistics.In Italy,youth
unemployment is running at about 30% and at 43% in Spain.The US announced a 27,000
increase in a weekly unemployment report on Thursday,and unemployment is running at 8.8%.
     Mentioning the disturbing state in the Middle East and North Africa,he added,"Inclusive
growth-sharing the benefits of economic growth fairly,not enough of which is a threat to that
growth,is very important.We have to care about more inclusive growth.We need more than
growth；we need active policies."Mr.StraussKahn said there was "more focus on
unemployment and unfairness" in the IMF.
     Rising food prices also hold back the global recovery,both Mr.StraussKahn and World
Bank President Robert Zoellick warned.Mr.Zoellick said food prices were in the "danger
zone",pushing 44 millon people into poeverty.Rising prices have been driven by the changing
diet of the rising middle classes in new markets.The problem is being "made worse" by
businessmen and traders.
     He also mentioned some countries" food investment policies.An Asian country has bought
huge areas of fields in Africa to grow enough food to feed its growing middle class.

1．According to the passage,with the recovery of economy,governments should ________.A．remember the sufferings of the economic crisis
B．be satisfied and pleased with the achievements
C．find methods to deal with high unemployment rates
D．improve working conditions to protect their workers2．What does the underlined sentence probably mean?A．More young people will be given a life sentence.
B．There will be more young people breaking the law in the future.
C．The government"s law and rules are too long for the young.
D．It will be a long time before there are enough jobs for the young.3．The author takes Britain,Italy and Spain for example to ________.A．remind other countries to avoid the same problem
B．show that the unemployment rate of the young is high
C．remind the young to work hard to fight against the crisis
D．encourage other countries to help them go through the crisis4．Which of the following statements is TRUE?A．Many countries have bought fields in Africa to grow food.
B．Global recovery is also influenced by rising food prices.
C．Unemployment problems only exist in developing countries.
D．The high unemployment is caused by rising food prices.5．What does the passage mainly talk about?A．Joblessness-the biggest threat to the global recovery.
B．The poverty of the developing countries in North Africa.
C．The IMF"s determination to take control of food prices.
D．The ways used by the IMF to cut down food prices.6.用30词左右概括文章大意
__________________________________________________________________________

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阅读理解。

     Parents often say,"I don"t understand why my child is acting this way.We"ve given him everything in
the world,and he just wants more.He"s never happy.He doesn"t enjoy what he has."
     For some reason,we often feel that if we give our child everything he wants to keep him happy,he
should behave the way we want him to.An important part of meeting children"s emotional(情感的)needs
is to set limits often and firmly in a loveing way.Pardnts who learn to set limits in a loving way set them
more often because they don"t have to wait until they"ve "had it up to here" to do so.
     A therapeutic(治疗的)way of setting limits is called ACT:Acknowledge the feeling,communicate the
limit,and target the choice.Necessarily,you"re saying to the child,"I understand how you feel.It"s OK to
feel that way,but you can"t act that way when you feel like that.You can act this way when you feel like
that." It"s also important to communicate this message in a loving way,not an angry way.
     Using ACT limitsetting teaches children to cope with their emotions and to find appropriate behavioral
expressions that don"t hurt the children themselves.It can also be used to teach children to delay
gratification(满意)．Here are some examples of how it works.If your child wants a toy when you"re at
the store and you don"t want to buy it,you can say,(A)"You love that toy and want it right now,(C)but
we"re not spending any money on toys today.(T)You can put it on your wish list for birthday or Christmas."
Using this technique,you"ll learn to set reasonable limits that work.If you set limits too severely,you"re
also more likely to give in,because you feel guilty.If you don"t follow through with a consequence or you
make one that"s too severe,you teach your child not to trust you.
     Parents often say,"I don"t understand why my child is acting this way.We"ve given him everything in
the world,and he just wants more.He"s never happy.He doesn"t enjoy what he has."
For some reason,we often feel that if we give our child everything he wants to keep him happy,he should
behave the way we want him to.An important part of meeting children"s emotional(情感的)needs is to
set limits often and firmly in a loveing way.Pardnts who learn to set limits in a loving way set them more
often because they don"t have to wait until they"ve "had it up to here" to do so.
     A therapeutic(治疗的)way of setting limits is called ACT:Acknowledge the feeling,communicate the
limit,and target the choice.Necessarily,you"re saying to the child,"I understand how you feel.It"s OK to feel that way,but you can"t act that way when you feel like that.You can act this way when you feel like that." It"s also important to communicate this message in a loving way,not an angry way.
     Using ACT limitsetting teaches children to cope with their emotions and to find appropriate behavioral
expressions that don"t hurt the children themselves.It can also be used to teach children to delay
gratification(满意)．Here are some examples of how it works.If your child wants a toy when you"re at
the store and you don"t want to buy it,you can say,(A)"You love that toy and want it right now,(C)but
we"re not spending any money on toys today.(T)You can put it on your wish list for birthday or Christmas."
Using this technique,you"ll learn to set reasonable limits that work.If you set limits too severely,you"re also more likely to give in,because you feel guilty.If you don"t follow through with a consequence or you make
one that"s too severe,you teach your child not to trust you.

1.The first paragraph is mainly to show that _____.A. parents can"t get along well with children
B. children"s emotions are hard to meet
C. parents don"t understand children at all
D. children are the real burden to parents2. As parents,once we give children what they want,we hope that _____.A. children learn to share it with us
B. children act the way we want them to
C. children should be thankful to us
D. children should still do what they like3. Which of the following is C in using ACT technique to deal with a child whose sister refused to play
with him?A. Tom,I know you want to play with Lucy.
B. You can play with her tomorrow.
C. But Lucy has to do her homework now.
D. Tom,you shall not disturb Lucy.4. According to the text,when using ACT technique,we should _____.A. use it in a loving way
B. behave very seriously
C. make efforts to be angry
D. try to make children satisfied5. What"s the main idea of the text?A. The relationship between children and parents.
B. The advantages of ACT technique.
C. The way to deal with children.
D. The introduction of ACT technique.

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阅读理解     Traffic jam and cities, it seems, go hand in hand. Everyone complains about being stuck in traffic;
but, like the weather, no one seems to do anything about it. In particular, traffic engineers, transportation
planners, and public officials responsible for transportation systems in large cities are frequently criticized
for failing to solve traffic jam.
      But is traffic jam a sign of failure? Long queues at restaurants or theater box offices are seen as signs
of success. Should transportation systems be viewed any differently? I think we should recognize that
traffic jam is an unpreventable byproduct of successful cities, and  view the "traffic problem" in a different
light.
      Cities exist because they promote social interactions and economic transactions.
      Traffic jam occurs where there are lots of people but limited spaces. Culturally and economically
successful cities have the worst traffic problems, while decaying cities don"t have much traffic. New
York and Los Angeles are America"s most crowded cities. But if you want access to major brokerage
houses (经纪行), you will find them easier to reach in crowded New York than in any other large cities.
And if your firm needs access to postproduction film editors or satelliteguidance engineers, you will reach
them more quickly through the crowded freeways of LA than through less crowded roads elsewhere.
     Despite traffic jam, a larger number and wider variety of social interactions and economic transactions
can be made perfect in large, crowded cities than elsewhere. Seen in this light, traffic jam is an unfortunate consequence of prosperity, not a cause of economic decline and urban decay.
     So while we can consider traffic jam as increasing costs on the areas of big cities, the costs of
inaccessibility (交通不便) in uncrowded places are almost certainly greater.
     There is no doubt that traffic jam brings the terrible economic and environmental damage in places
like Bangkok, Jakarta, and Lagos. But mobility is far higher and traffic jam levels are far lower here in
the US, even in our most crowded cities. That"s why, for now, we don"t see people and capital streaming
out of San Francisco and Chicago, heading for cities like California, and Illinois. 1. We can conclude from the first paragraph that________. A. traffic jam and weather are the two factors preventing the development of the big city
B. traffic jam seems to be very difficult to deal with
C. if traffic engineers try their best, traffic jam can be solved
D. public officials are always criticized for misusing their power2. According to the passage, what"s the author"s opinion towards traffic jam?A. In cities, traffic jam is unavoidable.
B. Traffic jam is both a sign of failure and a sign of success.
C. Traffic jam is the consequence of successful cities.
D. For a successful city, traffic jam is not unpreventable. 3. By saying "decaying" (in Para. 4), the writer probably means ________. A. declining
B. developing
C. rich and successful
D. strong and healthy4. According to this article, which statement about "New York" and "Los Angeles" is true?A. The traffic jam in the two cities has been worsened.
B. New York and Los Angeles are the most successful cities in the USA.
C. It is easier to reach major brokerage houses in the two cities than in other cities.
D. Despite the traffic jam in LA, you"ll find a satelliteguidance engineer more quickly there. 5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. California is as crowded and successful as San Francisco.
B. The traffic jam in San Francisco has resulted in the capital becoming empty.
C. The traffic jam level in Jakarta is lower than that in the US.
D. Traffic jam has caused terrible bad effects in cities such as Bangkok and Lagos.

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阅读理解     As I was reading a recent story in Slate on 20somethings complaining about how the economy was
ruining their life plans,I couldn"t help but think the 20somethings sounded like a bunch of spoiled children
who grew up expecting everything to be easy for them.As a 20something myself,I certainly share their
disappointment:My husband and I probably won"t be able to buy a house until we"re in our 40s,and we
too are burdened by student loans (贷款)．But why should it be any different? Being young persons in
America,shouldn"t they take up all of the challenges and opportunities that this country offers?
     Consider some of these views shared in the Slate story: Jennifer,29,owner of a twobedroom apartment
with her husband,worries that she won"t be able to have children for at least a decade because they can"t
afford to buy a house yet.
     I read that,and I thought,what planet is she living on where you need to own a house in order to have
kids? Has she ever visited a developing country,or even downtown areas in this one? Home ownership is
a luxury (奢侈品),not a fertility requirement.
     A 26yearold in the story despairs (绝望) that he can"t afford to get a Ph.D.in literature.Well,that sounds
a bit like expressing disappointment that no one will pay you to write poetry on the beach in Thailand for
five years.
     Yes,it"s sad that these young people feel so lost.But I think the problem is their extremely high
expectations,not economic reality.Beth Kobliner,author of Get a Financial Life:Personal Finance in Your
Twenties and Thirties,says that she thinks people"s expectations are slowly adjusting,but today"s 20
somethings grew up at a time when everyone"s wealth appeared to be expanding.Their parents probably
saw their home values rise along with their investments."So you have people who have grown up in an
environment where people had great expectations of what living well means," says Kobliner.
     This recession (衰退) will certainly play a role in forcing those expectations into more realistic group.
In the meantime,it seems a lot better for our mental health to focus on being grateful-for our onebedroom
apartments,for living in modern cities,or perhaps just for being able to eat three meals a day-than on
longing for some kind of luxury life.1.What makes the author think the 20somethings sound like a bunch of spoiled children?A.They expect everything to be easy for them.
B.They complain that the economy is spoiling their life plans.
C.They are reluctant to face all of the challenges.
D.They are burdened by student loans.2.The underlined word "fertility" in Paragraph 3 probably means ________.A.baby production
B.pleasant
C.baby comfort
D.essential3.Which of the following is NOT one of the complaints of the 20somethings?A.They can"t have children for at least a decade to buy a house.
B.They have only onebedroom apartment to live in.
C.They can"t buy a house until 40 because of student loans.
D.They despair at not being able to afford a Ph.D.in literature.4.What"s the author"s attitude towards the 20somethings with high expectations in Paragraph 5?A.Intolerant.
B.Negative.
C.Unbelieving.
D.Understanding.5.What is the BEST title for this passage?A.How Young People Afford to Continue Their Study
B.Why Young People Can"t Afford to Buy a House
C.When Young People"s High Hopes Create Despair
D.What the 20somethings" High Expectations Are

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