Beyond the Factory: Child Labor in the Cities At the beginning of the nineteenth

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Beyond the Factory: Child Labor in the Cities
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, factory owners faced few restrictions on the way they employed their children workers, who were between the age of 7 and 12. Gradually laws came into being.
The first child-labor laws were passed at the state level in America and usually focused on both required education and a minimum age for employment. And added rules limited the length of the workday for children. Pennsylvania, for example, limited the workday to 10 hours for children under 12. However, government officials cared little whether businesses followed the law. In fact one group of children was left entirely unprotected by labor laws -- the children of immigrant families.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, piecework appeared, for which people were paid by the piece. Significant numbers of women sewed baby dresses or men"s neckties and made the artificial flowers used to decorate hats. Piecework turned homes into factories that were free from the law, and countless children worked long hours alongside their mothers and old sisters.
Manufactures exploited the system shamelessly and paid the lowest wages they could. Embroidering (刺绣) a silk dress, which was a 10-day job, might generate a five-dollar payment. In the case of "willowing", workers needed to add more strands to ostrich feathers used on hats to make them longer and more graceful. The first willowers were paid 15 cents per inch, but a few months later, the pay was reduced to 13 cents. Within three years, willowers were earning only three cents per inch.
In order to survive under these circumstances, pieceworkers had even their youngest children help them. In one Italian neighborhood, a three-year-old girl helped her mother sew clothes. In another case, a child of eight who had lived in New York for three years had never been to school at all and could speak almost no English. Slowly child labor laws brought these abuses to an end.
31. The first child-labor laws required ______.
A. workplace safety and conditions
B. minimum payment and age
C. education and working time
D. minimum payment and schooling
32. Manufactures who hired women to do piecework ______.
A. were kind and concerned employers
B. were sometimes called "willowers"
C. usually paid the lowest salary
D. forced children to turn home into factories
33. "Willowing" was a kind of ______.
A. handwork activity B. workplace
C. payment requirement D. workers
34. By raising the example of the three-year-old girl"s experience in the last paragraph, the author intended to ______.
A. show how poor the situations were for children workers
B. blame those adult pieceworkers for allowing children to work
C. attract attention to protect young children
D. emphasize the importance of educating young children
35. Which of the following sentences best summarizes the passage?
A. The first child-labor laws were limited due to working at the state level.
B. Early child-labor laws offered no protection to children who worked at home.
C. Some immigrant children did not learn English because of their piecework.
D. Child-labor laws should have come into being before children became workers.

答案

小题1:C
小题2:C
小题3:A
小题4:A
小题5:B

解析

略

举一反三

The 115 islands that sparkle in the middle of the Indian Ocean are one of the world"s greatest treasures "A place where natural purity and simplicity can be found and innocence rediscovered; a place like no other and another world entirely. 92 of those islands consist of Seychelles, which is known as "the last paradise".
For over two centuries, the islands of Seychelles have remained a melting pot of different races, traditions and religions from the four corners of the earth. The Seychellois are a colorful blend of peoples of different races, cultures and religions. .At different times in its history, people of African, European and Asian origin have come to Seychelles, bringing with them their distinct traditions and customs and contributing to the way of life and to Seychellois culture.
Throughout Seychelles, there are many artisans producing works of art that are as varied and diverse as their surrounds and which include stained glass, products made from coconut shell, husk, seashells and corals, clothing, gold, silver and other forms of jewellery, recycled materials, bamboo, metal and pottery. They are probably poorly educated, but they have talent for producing handicraft articles.
Seychelles, Mauritius, Maldives are all island countries, but Seychelles is unique. Mr. Alanin, Director of Tourism Marketing of Seychelles Tourism hoard said, "There are a variety of islands in Seychelles. Mauritius has only one island. In Maldives, there are a lot of islands, but they are all coral islands. Seychelles has big granite (花岗岩) islands. In addition, the people are different. We have a mixture of people, and you can see how friendly they are.
Most importantly, all these natural disasters do not exist in Seychelles because we are out of the belt. Nothing will happen to visitors when they are in Seychelles. In Seychelles, harmony is a way of life."
41. The islands of Seychelles are NOT ______.
A. polluted           B. world famous           C. beautiful           D. various
42. Which of the following of Seychelles is not mentioned in the passage?
A. The nature.                     B. The people.
C. The food.                D. The culture.
43. From the 3rd paragraph we can guess that an "artisan" is ______.
A. a professional artist producing works with recycled materials
B. a person whose job requires skills with his hands
C. a factory where handicraft articles are produced
D. an organization who sell natural things
44. Which of the following is a part of the reasons for that Seychelles is unique?
A. Seychelles" islands are all granite ones.
B. Seychelles had more islands than Mauritius and Maldives.
C. Seychelles has more races and the people are friendly.
D. Seychelles is located at a safe position on the earth.
45. What"s Mr. Alanin"s purpose to say all these words in the last paragraph?
A. To attract visitors to travel in Seychelles.
B. To praise the beauty of Seychelles.
C. To express his feelings to his country.
D. To explain the difference from Mauritius and Maldives.

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One of the most difficult questions to answer is how much a job is worth. We naturally expect that a doctor’s salary will be higher than a bus conductor’s wage. But the question becomes much more difficult to answer when we compare, say, a miner with an engineer, or an unskilled man working on an oil-rig(钻油机) in the North Sea with a teacher in a secondary school. What the doctor, the engineer and teacher have is many years of training in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their professions. We feel instinctively that these skills and these years, when they were studying instead of earning money, should be rewarded. At the same time we recognize that the work of the miner and the oil-rig laborer is both hard and dangerous, and that they must be highly paid for the risks they take.
Another factor we must take into consideration is how socially useful a man’s work is, regardless of the talents he may bring to it. Most people would agree that looking after the sick or teaching children is more important than, say, selling secondhand cars or improving the taste of toothpaste by adding a red stripe to it. Yet it is almost certain that the used car salesman earns more than the nurse, and that research chemist earns more than the school teacher.
Indeed, this whole question of just rewards can be turned on its head. You can argue that a man who does a job which brings him personal satisfaction is already receiving part of his reward in the form of a so-called “psychic(精神的) wage”, and that it is the man with the boring, repetitive job who needs more money to make up for the soul-destroying monotony(单调) of his work. It is significant that that those jobs which are traditionally regarded as “vocations” --- nursing, teaching and the Church, for example --- continue to be poorly paid, while others, such as those in the world of sport or entertainment, carry financial rewards out of all proportion to their social worth.
Although the amount of money that people earn is in reality largely determined by market forces, this should not prevent us from seeking some way to decide what is the right pay for the job. A starting point for such an investigation would be to try to decide the ratio which ought to exist between the highest and the lowest paid. The picture is made more complicate by two factors: firstly by the “social wage”, i.e, the welfare benefits which every citizen receives; and secondly, by the taxation system, which is often used as an instrument of social justice by taxing high incomes at a very high rate indeed. Allowing for these two things, most countries now regard a ratio of 7:1 as socially acceptable. If it is less, the highly-qualified people carrying heavy responsibilities become disillusioned, and might even end up by emigration(移民) (the so-called “brain-drain” is an evidence that this can happen). If it is more, the gap between rich and poor will be so great that it will lead social tensions and ultimately to violence.
74. The professional man, such as the doctor, should be well paid because ______.
A. he has spent several years learning how to do his job
B. his work involves much great intelligence than, say, a bus conductor’s
C. he has to work much harder than most other people
D. he knows more than other people about his subject
75. The “brain-drain” is an evidence that ______.
A. well-educated people are prepared to emigrate whenever they can get a better paid job

B. people with jobs or responsibility expect to be highly paid
C. high taxation is a useful and effective instrument of social justice
D. the poor are generally more patriotic(爱国的) than the rich
76. As far as rewarding people for their work is concerned, the writer, believes that ______.
A. we should pay for socially-useful work, regardless of the person’s talent
B. we should pay people according to their talents
C. market forces will determine how much a person is paid
D. qualified people should be the highest paid
77. The argument of the “psychic wage” is used to explain why ______.
A. people who do socially important work are not always well paid
B. people who do monotonous jobs are highly paid
C. you should not try to compare the pay of different professions
D. some professional people are paid more than others

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第三部分: 阅读理解 (共两节，满分40分)
第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
In the United States, it is not usual to telephone someone early in the morning. If you telephone early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. So it is with the telephone calls made after 11:00 pm. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he may think that it’s a matter of life and death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.
In social life, time plays a very important part. In the USA guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation

to a dinner party reaches them only three or four days before the party date. But it is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten. The meaning of time is not the same in different cultures that treat time differently; being on time is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not on time, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the USA no one would think of keeping a business friend for an hour; it would be too impolite. A person who is 5 minutes late is expected to make a shout apology. If he is less than 5 minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence.
56. A call at midnight would mean_________.
A. the matter is less important   B. the matter is too difficult to handle
C. the matter requires immediate attention   D. it is a matter of life and death
57. According to the passage, time plays a very important part in_______.
A. everyday life       B. private life   C. getting along with others       D. business
58. In the passage, the author suggests that invitation cards should be sent________.
A. three or four days before the party date in all cultures
B. three or four days before the party date in some cultures
C. three or four days before the party date in the USA
D. at your chosen time

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Napoleon agreed to plans for a tunnel (隧道) under the English Channel in 1802. The British began digging one in 1880. Neither tunnel was completed. Europe has had to wait until the end of the 20th century for the Channel Tunnel. After nearly two centuries of dreaming, the island of Great Britain is connected to Continental Europe for the first time since the Ice Age, when the two land masses moved apart.
On May 6, 1994, Britain"s Queen Elizabeth II and France"s President Mitterrand carried out the official opening. The Queen was accompanied (陪同) on her train journey through the historic tunnel by one of her Rolls-Royce cars which was placed on the train. The following day saw celebrations taking place in Folkestone and Calais. Regular public services did not start until the latter part of 1994.
59. Queen Elizabeth II________ at the opening.
A. took her car Rolls-Royce through the tunnel
B. took her car which was placed on her train through the tunnel
C. took her train through the tunnel
D. took Mitterrand"s train through the tunnel
60. The island of Great Britain is ________.
A. connected to France all the time B. separated from France with a tunnel
C. separated from France all the time D. joined to France with the tunnel
61. Which of the following is right?
A. Napoleon made plans for the tunnel.
B. The public could pass through the tunnel by train after May 6, 1994.
C. The tunnel was built for two centuries.
D. The tunnel will do great good to Britain and France.
62. Before 1994, one could go to Britain from France ________.
A. only by ship B. by ship or plane C. by car or train D. by ship, car or train

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The Lantern Festival is around the corner. In Beijing, there are many events to celebrate this big day.
Beijing Happy Valley
Date: Until 4th March.
To celebrate this festival, Happy Valley has extended(延长) its opening hours to 20:00. There will be many excellent entertainers and lots of interesting activities like the lion dance, Tibetan song and dance, harlequinade（滑稽表演）and magic performances. Free for visitors.
Address: Xiaowuji N. Rd, E.4 Ring Rd, Chaoyang District
Tel: 010-67383333
Chaoyang Park
Date: Until 5th March
During the Lantern Festival, Chaoyang park will hold a grand Lantern Fair where you can find beautiful lanterns in different shapes and colors. Visitors can also enjoy wonderful folk dances.
Address: No.1, Nongzhanguan Nanlu, Chaoyang District
Tel: 010-65915258
Entrance fee: RMB 20
Kaikang International Hotel
Date: 4th March
From 14:00 to 18:00, this hotel will hold a large singles activity. If you still haven’t found a lover and do not want to celebrate this day alone, you can come here to enjoy the day with other singles. Why not give it a try ? Maybe you will find your true love!
Address: F3 No. 15. Third District, An Zhen Li, Chaoyang District
Cost: RMB 120 per person
Tel: 010-64445364，64428783
4）Beijing Garden of World Flowers
Date: Until 5th March
This fair is an exhibition of traditional Taiwanese lantern arts. There is also a Plum Blossoms display in the Pen Gallery, where you can find blossoms from Sichuan, Hubei and Zhejiang Provinces.
Address: To the north of Majialou Bridge, S.4 Ring Rd.
Entrance fee: RMB 80 per person.
Tel: 010-87500721
59.If you live the east of the Fourth Ring Road, and you want to see performances near your home, you may call________.
A.010-67383333                        B.010-87500721
C.010-64445364                        D.010-65915258
60.How many places can you visit with no more than 100 RMB ?
A. Two            B. Three                 C One.                    D.Four
61.Mr. Zhang is new in Beijing. He is eager to make friends. Which of the following is the best choice for him ?
A. Beijing Happy Valley                     B. Chaoyang Park
C. Beijing Garden of World Flowers       D. Kaikang International Hotel

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