Yawning sends out certain messages -either “Oh，this movie is so boring” or “I pr
题型：不详难度：来源：
Yawning sends out certain messages -either “Oh，this movie is so boring” or “I probably need to get some sleep”. But did you know that a yawn can also help your brain to cool down when it is overheated?
A new study, led by a research team at Princeton University, has indicated that yawning could be the brain’s natural way of regulating temperature. People yawn more often when the temperature outdoors is lower than their body temperature but are less likely to yawn when it is hotter outdoors, according to Sciencedaily. com.
The research team did an experiment on 160 people, 80 in summer and 80 in winter, to examine how often they yawned at different air temperatures. The study found that people yawned more often in winter than in summer. Scientists say that when the air temperature is lower outside the body, there is heat exchange between the overheated brain and the cool air. But when the air temperature is higher than or equal to the body, people are less likely to yawn because the hot air they breathe in will make the brain even hotter.
When people yawn, their jaw is also stretched，which increases blood flow and may also help cool the brain
The study showed that the amount someone yawned could be related to the amount of time they spent outside. The longer they spent outside in summer, the less they yawned. Nearly 40 percent of participants yawned within their first five minutes outside, but after that the percentage was reduced to less than 10 percent.
However, the result was the opposite in winter. The number of people who yawned increased when they spent more than five minutes outdoors. But the change was only slight compared to summertime.
According to Gallup, this is the first report to show that yawning frequencies change depending on season. This could help us to understand better the way our brains work. It may also help us understand the reason why frequent yawning can sometimes be a sign of brain disease.
小题1:The purpose of the experiment is ______.| A．to find the frequency of people’s yawning | | B．to indicate brain can regulate temperature naturally | | C．to prove people yawn in winter and in summer equally | | D．to show the real reason why people yawn |
小题2:The information we get from Paragraphs 5 and 6 is that ______.| A．longer outdoor summertime results in more yawns | | B．yawning frequency increases with outdoor time | | C．yawning frequency changes with outdoor time | | D．longer outdoor wintertime leads to fewer yawns |
小题3:Acorrding to the text，people yawn more often ______.| A．when the air temperature is equal to the body | | B．when the hot air breathed in makes the brain hotter | | C．when the air temperature is higher than the body | | D．when the air temperature is lower outside the body |
小题4:What could be the best title for the text?| A．Yawning Is A Sign of Brain Disease | | B．Yawning Cools Your Brain | | C．Yawning Benefits Your Body | | D．Yawning Carries Some Information |
|
答案
小题1:A
小题2:C
小题3:D
小题4:B |
解析
试题分析：文章介绍了一项研究结果，人们多长时间打一次哈欠，研究表明，当外面的温度比身体的温度低的时候，人们就会打哈欠。打哈欠可以让人的大脑冷静下来。
小题1:细节题：从第三段的句子：The research team did an experiment on 160 people, 80 in summer and 80 in winter, to examine how often they yawned at different air temperatures. 可知这个研究的目的是看人们多长时间打一次哈欠，选A
小题2:细节题：从第五段的句子:The study showed that the amount someone yawned could be related to the amount of time they spent outside.可知人们打哈欠的时间和在户外是时间有关，选 C
小题3:细节题：从第二段的句子：People yawn more often when the temperature outdoors is lower than their body temperature but are less likely to yawn when it is hotter outdoors, according to Sciencedaily. com.可知当外面的温度比身体的温度低的时候，人们就会打哈欠。选D
小题4:标题确定题：从第一段的句子：But did you know that a yawn can also help your brain to cool down when it is overheated?可知打哈欠可以让人的大脑冷静下来。选B |
举一反三
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
On the first day of your Senior High you must meet many new classmates. Do you want to make friends with them? Do you know how to make friends with them? The following article will tell you how to do it.
Making friends is a skill. Like most skills, it improves practice. If you want to meet people and make friends you must be to take action. You must first go to places where there are people. You won’t make friends at home alone. Join a club or group, for talking with those who the same experience as you is easier, and them in some activities.
Many people are when talking to strangers. After all, meeting strangers means facing , and it’s human nature to a bit uncomfortable about the unknown.
Most of our fears about dealing with strange people from doubts about ourselves. We other people are judging us, thinking us too tall or too short, too this or too that. , don’t forget that they must be feeling the same way. Try to accept yourself you are, and try to put the other person at ease. You’ll feel more comfortable.
Try to act self-confidently you don’t feel that way you enter a room full of strangers, such as a new classroom, walk straight, look at other people and smile. If you see someone you’d like to , say something. Don’t wait for the other people to a conversation.
Just meeting someone doesn’t mean that you will make friends with that person. Friendship is on mutual（相互的）liking and “give and take”. It takes time and effort to develop. And there are things that keep a new friendship from growing.
| 小题2: | | A．able | B．sure | C．certain | D．willing |
|
| 小题3: | | A．lying | B．going | C．staying | D．leaving |
|
| 小题5: | | A．join in | B．take part in | C．join | D．enter |
|
| 小题6: | | A．afraid | B．happy | C．nervous | D．familiar |
|
| 小题7: | | A．the newcomer | B．the enemy | C．the failure | D．the unknown |
|
| 小题8: | | A．feel | B．fall | C．cover | D．suffer |
|
| 小题10: | | A．find out | B．believe in | C．doubt | D．imagine |
|
| 小题11: | | A．Besides | B．But | C．However | D．Therefore |
|
| 小题13: | | A．all | B．both | C．exactly | D．never |
|
| 小题14: | | A．even if | B．because | C．so long as | D．as if |
|
| 小题15: | | A．when | B．while | C．that | D．in which |
|
| 小题16: | | A．well | B．immediately | C．highly | D．directly |
|
| 小题17: | | A．refer to | B．love | C．speak to | D．smile |
|
| 小题18: | | A．start | B．stop | C．show | D．hold |
|
| 小题19: | | A．humorous | B．new | C．good | D．old |
|
| 小题20: | | A．depended | B．based | C．taken | D．laid |
|
|
The blue eyes that looked at him from outside the door were like the light through a maginifying glass (放大镜) when it is at its brightest and smallest, when paper and leaves begin to smoke.
"Hey . " said the man in the door. " Remember me? "
" Yes. " the boy said. whispering. "Rick. "
He felt so surprised to see Rick. All of Rick seemed to be shown in the eyes. With a strong feeling that ought to have hurt him.
" You knew me." Rick said. " You hadn"t forgotten. "
" You"re--just the same. " the boy said. and felt much thankful.
He seemed even to be wearing the same clothes, the same blue shirt and grey trousers. He was thin, but he was built to be lean; and he was still, or again. sunburnt. After everything, the slow white smile still showed the slight feeling of happiness.
" Let"s look at you." Rick said, dropping into a chair. Then slowly he felt more at home, and he became once more just Rick as if nothing had happened. There were lines about his eyes. and deeper lines on his cheeks. but he looked like-just Rick, lined by sunfight and smiling.
" When I look at you." he said, " You make me think about me, for we look like each other. "
" Yes, " said the boy, eagerly, " they all think we both look like my grandfather. "
小题1:On his return. Rick_______.| A．had not changed much | | B．looked very old | | C．was much thinner than before | | D．was wearing different clothes |
小题2:Rick and the boy are probably________.| A．brothers | B．related | | C．friends | D．neighbours |
小题3:You could describe Rick as________.| A．old and friendly | B．old and nervous | | C．thin and nervous | D．thin and friendly |
小题4:From the passage we can tell that the boy_____.| A．was worried that Rick had forgotten him | | B．was proud of what Rick had done | | C．was pleased to see Rick | | D．wondered where Rick had been |
小题5:Rick and the boy_______.| A．had similar personalities | | B．cared about each other | | C．had lived in the same house | | D．felt their friendship had changed |
|
Ideas about polite behavior are different from one culture to another. Some societies, such as America and Australia for example, are mobile and very open. People here change jobs and move house quite often. As a result, they have a lot of relationships that often last only a short time, and they need to get to know people quickly. So it"s normal to have friendly conversations with people that they have just met, and you can talk about things that other cultures would regard as personal.
On the other hand there are more crowded and less mobile societies where long-term relationships are more important. A Malaysian or Mexican business person, for example, will want to get to know you very well before he or she feels happy to start business. But when you do get to know each other, the relationship becomes much deeper than it would in a mobile society.
To Americans, both Europeans and Asians seem cool and formal at first. On the other hand, as a passenger from a less mobile society puts it, it"s no fun spending several hours next to a stranger who wants to tell you all about his or her life and asks you all sorts of questions that you don"t want to answer.
Cross-cultural differences aren"t just a problem for travelers, but also for the flights that carry them. All flights want to provide the best service, but ideas about good service are different from place to place. This can be seen most clearly in the way that problems are dealt with.
Some societies have "universalist" cultures. These societies strongly respect rules, and they treat every person and situation in basically the same way.
"Particularist" societies, on the other hand, also have rules, but they are less important than the society"s unwrinen ideas about what is right or wrong for a particular situation or a particular person. So the normal rules are changed to fit the needs of the situation or the importance of the person.
This difference can cause problems. A traveler from a particularist society, India, is checking in for a flight in Germany, a country which has a universalist culture. The Indian traveler has too much luggage, but he explains that he has been away from home for a long time and the suitcases are full of presents for his family. He expects that the check-in official will understand his problem and will change the rules for him. The check-in official explains that if he was allowed to have too much luggage, it wouldn"t be fair to the other passengers. But the traveler thinks this is unfair, because the other passengers don"t have his problem.
小题1:Often moving from one place to another makes people like Americarts and Australians| A．like traveling better | | B．easy to communicate with | | C．difficult 1o make rcal friends | | D．have a long-term relationship with their neighbors |
小题2:People like Malaysians prefer to associate with those| A．who will tell them everything of their own | | B．who want to do business with them | | C．they know quite well | | D．who are good at talking |
小题3:A person from a less mobile society will feel it_____ when a stranger keeps talking to him or her, and asking him or her questions.| A．boring | B．friendly | C．normal | D．rough |
小题4:Which of the following is true about "particularist societies"?| A．There is no rule for people to obey. | | B．People obey the society"s rules completely. | | C．No one obeys the society"s ruies though they have. | | D．The society"s rules can be changed with different persons or situations. |
小题5:The writer of the passage thinks that the Indian and the German have different ideas about rules because of different__________.| A．interests | B．habits and customs | | C．cultures | D．ways of life |
|
A Charlotte N.C. man was charged with first-degree murder of a 79-year-old woman whom police said he scared to death. Can the guy be held responsible for the woman’s death? Prosecutors (公诉人) said that he can under the state’s murder rule, which allows someone to be charged with murder if he or she causes another person’s death while committing or fleeing from a severe crime—even if he or she doesn’t kill someone on purpose.
But, medically speaking, can someone actually be frightened to death? We asked Martin Samuels, chairman of the neurology department at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston.
Absolutely, no question about it.
The body has a natural protective method called the fight-or-flight response, which was originally described by Walter Cannon，chairman of Harvard University’s physiology department from 1906 to 1942. If, in the wild, an animal is faced with a life-threatening situation, the automatic nervous system responds by increasing heart rate, increasing blood flow to the muscles, and slowing digestion, among other things. All of this increases the chances of succeeding in a fight or running away from an aggressive beast. This process certainly would be of help to early humans. However, in the modern world there is obvious decline of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system uses the chemical messenger to send signals to various parts of the body to activate the fight-or-flight response. This chemical is poisonous in large amounts; it damages the organs such as the heart, lungs, liver and kidneys. It is believed that almost all sudden deaths are caused by damage to the heart. There is almost no other organ that would fail so fast as to cause sudden death.
By the way, any strong positive or negative emotions such as happiness or sadness can cause the same result. There are people who have died in excitement or in religious passion. There was a case of a golfer who hit a hole in one, turned to his partner and said, “I can die now”, and then he dropped dead.
小题1:What is Martin Samuels’ attitude to the possibility of being frightened to death?| A．Approval. | B．Disapproval. | C．Doubtful. | D．Indifferent. |
小题2:What can we learn about the fight-or-flight response according to the passage?| A．The fight-or-flight response was raised and proved by Martin Samuels. | | B．It is a natural protective method that can’t be found in all creatures but humans. | | C．The ancient humans had a better fight-or-flight response than modern ones. | | D．The fight-or-flight response is beneficial to both our actions and organs. |
小题3:What activity can we infer is less likely to damage the organs?| A．Winning an unexpected fortune. | | B．Missing a dead family member. | | C．Watching a horror movie. | | D．Listening to a sweet song. |
小题4:The purpose of the passage is ______.| A．to explain why people will die of a heart attack | | B．to offer some advice on protecting us from heart failure | | C．to compare different kinds of feelings to cause a death | | D．to show strong emotions can cause a sudden death |
|
Who do you think breaks the law in our society? If you believe that only tough guys commit crimes, you may have to think again. Unlike in the movies, we can’t divide the world into bad guys and model citizens. Real life is much more complex. In the same way that diseases range from the common cold to fatal forms of cancer, crimes vary in degree. For example, smoking in an elevator will inconvenience people, but much less than threatening them with a gun.
In addition to breaking the law themselves, people tolerate various levels of crime. Why can we tolerate some crimes? It may be that, by seeing others do something, we accept it more easily. For instance, most people will find it easier to speed on a highway when everybody else is driving over the speed limit. When people celebrate a sports championship, if they see someone breaking store windows, they might start breaking windows themselves or even steal from the store. So the people around us influence how much law-breaking we can tolerate.
We must also wonder whether seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day makes us tolerate crime more than we should. We become used to seeing blood on the news on television, or in full color in newspapers and magazines. Because we see thousands of dead people on TV, maybe we just try to ignore the situation behind the violence.
If so many citizens tolerate violence and crime, or even commit crimes themselves, it may simply be because of the human mind. Our minds may not care about specific laws. Instead, our minds may have a system of values that usually prevents us from hurting other people to improve our own lives. Yet, when it comes to respecting the rights of a mass of anonymous (不知名的) individuals, we might not be so responsible. While most people would not steal a wallet containing $50, they may not mind cheating on taxes, because cheating on taxes does not hurt any one person. It hurts society, but “society” remains an abstract idea that is not as real as a neighbor or a friend’s friend.
When we realize that so many people have misunderstandings of law-breaking, it is not surprising that so many people tolerate crimes, or even break laws, including me. But how could we improve the level of honesty in our society? Would strict laws help make our society better? Probably not. Honesty will have to come from social pressure: in the family, at school, on the job, each and every one of us can encourage honesty by showing which behavior is unacceptable. And teaching respect should become everyone’s responsibility.
小题1:According to the author, “Real life is much more complex.” probably means .| A．there is a wide range of people and crimes in the real life | | B．smoking in an elevator goes against laws in the real life | | C．there are much more crimes than diseases in the real life | | D．some model citizens sometimes break laws in the real life |
小题2:What does the author think of the people who cheat on taxes?| A．They take no notice of the human mind. | | B．They break the laws unaccepted in their minds. | | C．They aren’t concerned about some particular laws. | | D．They hurt other people to improve their own lives. |
小题3:People tolerate violence and crime because .| A．their behavior is the same as that of most other people | | B．they pay no attention to the truth behind the crimes | | C．most unlawful acts are not harmful to the individual | | D．they hold mistaken beliefs about law-breaking |
小题4:What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?| A．To discuss whether laws are strict enough. | | B．To remind people to behave with honesty. | | C．To show people the importance of education. | | D．To explain why many people have criminal records. |
|
最新试题
热门考点