In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need t

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In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need to know how to learn well. Yet evidence suggests that most of us don’t use the learning techniques that science has proved the most effective.
The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades and across thousands of articles. It’s far too extensive and complex for the average parent, teacher or employer to look through. Fortunately, a team of five leading psychologists have done the job for us.
Professor John Dunlosky and other psychologists closely examined 10 learning strategies and rated each from high to low utility(实用) on the basis of the evidence they’ve gathered. Here’s part of their conclusions:
In contrast to familiar practices, the effective learning strategies with the most evidence to support them aren’t well known outside the lab. Take distributed practice, for example. This strategy involves spreading out your study time, rather than engaging in one marathon. Cramming (死记硬背）information at the last minute may allow you to get through that test or meeting, but the material will quickly disappear from your memory. It’s much more effective to look through the material at intervals over time.
And the longer you want to remember the information, whether it’s two weeks or two years, the longer the intervals should be.
The second learning strategy that is highly recommended by Dunlosky is practice testing. Yes, more tests---but there not for a grade. Research shows that the mere act of calling information to mind strengthens that knowledge and aids in future retrieval (检索). While practice testing is not a common strategy---despite the strong evidence supporting it ---there is one familiar approach that captures its benefits: using flash cards. And now flash cards can be presented in digital form. Both distributed practice and practice testing were rated as having “high utility” by Dunlosky.
小题1:How did the psychologists study and rate the learning strategies?

A．By analyzing the materials gathered in the past years.

B．By asking some students questions about their study.

C．By doing some experiments on the objects in the lab.

D．By asking parents and teachers to look through the articles.

小题2:The underlined word “extensive” in Para.2 means _____.

A．small in amount

B．easy or quick to do

C．more than is needed

D．dealing with a lot of information

小题3:About distributed practice and practice testing, it’s true that _____.

A．many students have benefited a lot from them

B．they were first put forward by John Dunlosky

C．only a small number of experts know about them

D．psychologists are studying whether they are effective

小题4:The strategy of distributed practice shows that ______.

A．we should not study for long hours every day

B．reviewing what we have studied is of little help

C．the shorter the interval is, the better we’ll study

D．doing repetition at intervals is the best way

小题5:The evidence shows that the strategy of practice testing ______.

A．is a way to use flash cards to help study

B．is mainly used to help us remember well

C．helps know about students’ grades in time

D．is a way widely used to strengthen memory

答案

小题1:A
小题2:D
小题3:C
小题4:D
小题5:B

解析

试题分析：文章介绍为了让我们学习的更好记得更牢，专家列出一些学习技巧，让人们通过了解分配的练习和练习测试，达到更好的效果。
小题1:细节题：从文章第二段的句子：The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades and across thousands of articles.可知心理学家是通过分析过去的几年材料研究和评估学习策略，选A
小题2:猜词题：从第二段的句子：The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades and across thousands of articles.It’s far too extensive and complex for the average parent, teacher or employer to look through.可知这对普通的父母和老师雇主浏览的时候都是太多的信息和太复杂，“extensive”的意思是处理很多信息，选D
小题3:细节题：从文章第四段的句子：In contrast to familiar practices, the effective learning strategies with the most evidence to support them aren’t well known outside the lab.可知只有少数的专家了解分配的练习和练习测试，选C
小题4:细节题：从文章第四段的句子：It’s much more effective to look through the material at intervals over time.可知分配练习策略表明隔一段时间重复是最好的方法，选D
小题5:细节题：从文章第一段的句子：In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need to know how to learn well.可知练习策略主要是用来帮助我们记忆的更好，选B

举一反三

Imagine you’re in a dark room, running your fingers over a smooth surface in search of a single dot the size of this period, How high do you think the dot must be for your finger to feel it?
Scientists have determined that the human finger is so sensitive it can detect a surface bump just one micron（l0^－6m）"high． The human eye, by contrast, can"t tell anything much smaller than100 microns．No wonder we rely on touch rather than eyesight when faced with a new roll of toilet paper．
Biologically, touch is the mother of all sensory（感觉的） systems．It is an ancient sense in evolution: even the simplest single-celled living things can feel when something brushes up against them and will respond by moving closer or pulling away． It is the first sense aroused during a baby’s development and the last to weaken at life"s peak． Patients in a deep coma （昏迷）who seem otherwise lost to the world will show skin reaction when touched by a nurse．
“Touch ,is so central to what we are that we almost cannot imagine ourselves without it,” said Chris Dijkerman．“It"s "not like eyesight, where you close your eyes and you don"t see anything． You can"t do that with touch．It"s always there．"
Long ignored in favor of the sensory heavyweights of eyesight and hearing, the study of touch lately:: has been gaining new concern among scientists．They"re exploring the effects of recently reported false touch impressions, of people being made to feel as though they had three arms, for example, with the hope of gaining the true understanding of how the mind works．
Others are turning to touch for more practical purposes: to build better touch screen instruments and robot hands, a more well-rounded virtual life．。“There"s a fair amount of research into new ways of offloading information onto our sense of touch," said Lynette Jones． "To have your cell phone buzzing （making a low sound） as opposed to ringing turned out to have a lot of advantages in．some situations．"
Touch is our most active sense, our means of seizing the world and experiencing it "first hand． Dr．Susan Lederman pointed out that while we can become aware of something by seeing or hear,ing7;-．from a distance and without really trying, if we want to learn about something by means of touch, we must make a move．We must rub the cloth, or pet the cat． Touching is a two-way street, and that"s not true for seeing or hearing． If you have a soft object and you squeeze it, you change its shape． The physical world reacts back．"
Our hands are smart and can do many tasks automatically - button a shirt, fit a key in a lock, play the; piano for others．Dr．Lederman and her colleagues have shown that blindfolded subjects can easily recognize a wide range of common -objects placed．in their hands．But on some feeling tasks, touch is all thumbs （very clumsy）． When people are given a raised line drawing of a common object, they"re puzzled．“If all we"ve got is outline information;" Dr．Lederman said,．“no weight, no texture, no temperature information, well, we"re very, very bad with that．"
Touch also turns out to be easy to fool, Among the sensory tricks now being investigated is something called the Pinocchio illusion． Researchers have found that if they shake the band of the biceps（二头肌）, many people report feeling that their forearm is getting "longer, their hand floating ever further from their elbow（肘）． And if they are told to touch the forefinger of the shaken arm to the tip of their nose, they feel as though their nose was lengthening, too．
小题1:Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A．Our eyes are more sensitive than our fingers．

B．Our fingers are more sensitive than our eyes．

C．Our eyes are more sensitive than our ears．

D．Our noses are less sensitive than our ears．

小题2:The sense that is firstly awaked during a child"s development is the sense of ．

A．sight

B．taste

C．hearing

D．touch

小题3:The underlined sentence “You can"t do that with touch” here means “You can"t ”．

A．close your skin

B．close your eyes "

C．touch anything

D．see anything

小题4:Scientists are lately getting interested in the following except ．

A．living a well-rounded virtual life

B．understanding how the mind works

C．favoring eyesight and hearing

D．building better "touch screen objects

小题5:In the view of , movement is needed when we want to know something by touching．

A．the author	B．Chris Dijkerman
C．Lynette Jones	D．Susan Lederman

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I am a psychologist. I first met Timothy, a quiet, overweight elevenyearold boy, when his mother brought him to me to discuss his declining grades. A few minutes with Timothy were enough to confirm that his self-esteem (自尊) and general happiness were falling right along with them.
I asked about Timothy’s typical day. He awoke every morning at six thirty so he could reach his school by eight and arrived home around four thirty each afternoon. He then had a quick snack, followed by either a piano lesson or a lesson with his math tutor. He finished dinner at 7 pm, and then he sat down to do homework for two to three hours. Quickly doing the math in my head, I found that Timothy spent an average of thirteen hours a day at a writing desk.
What if Timothy spent thirteen hours a day at a sewing machine instead of a desk? We would immediately be shocked, because that would be called children being horribly mistreated. Timothy was far from being mistreated, but the mountain of homework he faced daily resulted in a similar consequence — he was being robbed of his childhood. In fact, Timothy had no time to do anything he truly enjoyed, such as playing video games, watching movies, or playing board games with his friends.
Play, however, is a crucial part of healthy child development. It affects children’s creativity, their social skills, and even their brain development. The absence of play, physical exercise, and freefrom social interaction takes a serious toll on many children. It can also cause significant health problems like childhood obesity, sleep problems and depression.
Experts in the field recommend the minutes children spend on their homework should be no more than ten times the number of their grade level. As a fifthgrader, Timothy should have no more than fifty minutes a day of homework (instead of three times that amount). Having an extra two hours an evening to play, relax, or see a friend would soundly benefit any child’s life quality.
小题1:What did the writer think of Timothy after learning about his typical day__________?

A．Timothy was very hardworking.

B．Timothy was being mistreated.

C．Timothy had a heavy burden.

D．Timothy was enjoying his childhood.

小题2:Which of the following statements best describes the writer’s opinion________?

A．Children should be allowed enough time to play.

B．Playing board games works better than playing video games.

C．The more they play, the more creative children will become.

D．The depression caused by homework makes children unwilling to play.

小题3:According to the passage, how long should a thirdgrader spend a day doing homework________?

A．About ten minutes.	B．No more than twenty minutes.
C．No more than thirty minutes.	D．About fifty minutes.

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Each new school year brings fresh reminders of what educators call the summer learning gap. Some call it the summer learning setback（退步）. Simply speaking, it means the longer kids are out of school, the more they forget. The only thing they might gain is weight.
Most American schools follow a traditional nine-month calendar. Students get winter and spring breaks and about ten weeks of summer vacation. Some schools follow a year-round calendar. They hold classes for about eight weeks at a time, with a few weeks off in between. The National Association for Year-Round Education says there were fewer than three thousand such schools at last count. They were spread among forty-six of the fifty states.
But many experts point out that the number of class days in a year-round school is generally the same as in a traditional school. Lead researcher Paul von Hippel said, “Year-round schools don"t really solve the problem of the summer learning setback. They simply spread it out across the year.”
Across the country, research shows that students from poor families fall farther behind over the summer than other students. Experts say this can be prevented. They note that many schools and local governments offer programs that can help.
But calling them “summer school” could be a problem. The director of the summer learning center at Johns Hopkins, Ron Fairchild, said research with groups of different parents in Chicago and Baltimore found that almost all strongly disliked the term “summer school”. In American culture, the idea of summer vacation is connected to beliefs about freedom and the joys of childhood. The parents welcomed other terms like “summer camp”, “enrichment”, “extra time” and “hands-on learning”.
小题1:According to the first paragraph the summer learning gap .

A．helps children to gain weight

B．leads children to work harder

C．improves children’s memories

D．affects children’s regular studies

小题2:Compared to traditional schools, students in the year-round ones .

A．perform better and have more learning gains

B．have much less time for relaxation every year

C．have generally the same number of class days

D．hold more classes with more free weeks off

小题3:Which of the following statements is true?

A．Students from poor families often fall behind after the vacation.

B．Year-round schools can solve the problem of the learning gap.

C．There are schools in each state following a year-round calendar.

D．Nothing can help the students who fall behind after the vacation.

小题4:Why did almost all parents dislike the term “summer school”?

A．They cherish the children’s rights of freedom very much.

B．They are worried about the quality of the “summer school”.

C．They want their children to be forced to make up the gap.

D．They can’t afford the further study during vacation.

小题5:What would be the best title of this passage?

A．Opening Summer Camps

B．Forbidding Summer Schools

C．Spreading Year-Round Education

D．Minding the Summer Learning Gap

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Students who date in middle school have significantly worse study skills. They are four times more likely to drop out of school and report twice as much alcohol and tobacco use as their single classmates, according to new research from the University of Georgia.
"Romantic relationships are a trademark of adolescence, but very few studies have examined how adolescents differ in the development of these relationships," said Pamela Orpinas, study author and professor in the College of Public Health and head of the Department of Health Promotion and Behavior.
Orpinas followed a group of 624 students over a seven-year period from 6th to 12th grade.
Each year, the group of students completed a survey indicating whether they had dated and reported the frequency of different behaviors, including the use of drugs and alcohol. Their teachers completed questionnaires about the students’ academic efforts. He found some students never or hardly ever reported dating from middle to high school, and these students had consistently the best study skills according to their teachers. Other students dated infrequently in middle school but increased the frequency of dating in high school.
"At all points in time, teachers rated the students who reported the lowest frequency of dating as having the best study skills and the students with the highest dating as having the worst study skills,” according to the journal article. Study skills refer to behaviors that lead to academic success such as doing work for extra credit being well organized, finishing homework, working hard and reading assigned chapters.
"Dating a classmate may have the same emotional complications of dating a co-worker," Orpinas said, "When the couple break up, they have to continue to see each other in class and perhaps witness the ex-partner dating someone else. It is reasonable to think this could be linked to depression and divert attention from studying.”
“Dating should not be considered a ceremony of growth in middle school,” Orpinas concluded.
小题1:According to the passage, students who date in middle school may_____

A．have poorer academic performances

B．be more likely to hurl others

C．enjoy better school lives

D．are less likely to use alcohol and tobacco

小题2:When doing his study, Orpinas_____.

A．followed a group of students of 6th and 12th grade

B．completed a survey and a report each year

C．completed questionnaires about the students’ academic efforts

D．found that the students’ study skills have connection with their frequency of dating

小题3:Study skills may include the following behaviors and qualities Except_____

A．being diligent	B．being well organized
C． being kind and helpful	D．finishing assigned schoolwork

小题4:What can possibly happen to the school couples after they break up?

A．They don’t want to see each other any longer.

B．Their attention to studying will be affected.

C．They will miss their ex-partners sometimes

D．They will think it reasonable to get depressed.

小题5:Orpinas’ attitude towards dating in middle school is_____

A．supportive

B．positive

C．negative

D．indifferent

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After record increase in over 40 countries, Universal Robots’ lightweight robotic arms are now making their US debut (首次露面) at this year’s International Manufacturing Trade Show (IMTS) in Chicago.
The UR5 robotic arm made by Universal Robots has been announced officially “The world’s most innovative (创新的) robot” by The International Federation of Robotics and IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Robotics and Automation Society. The US audience will now see the award-winning robot — along with its big brother UR10 — for the first time.
The UR5 and UR10 robotic arms are aimed at small-sized companies that thought robots were too expensive and hard to operate in existing production. The robotic arms are easily moved around the production area and present a simple user interface (界面) which lets workers quickly operate them.
Esben Ostergaard, founder and CTO (Chief Technical Officer) at Universal Robots, explains how the robots were designed to be as user⁃friendly as possible:
“We decided to make programming easy by developing a user interface worked together with a “teaching function” allowing the user to simply took hold of the robot arm and show it how a movement should be done. The robot can work in any production process very quickly. Our experience shows this is generally done in a few hours.”
The robots weigh as little as 40 pounds, making it possible for them to be moved around the production area to do different tasks. The UR5 can handle a load of up to 5 kilos (11 pounds), the UR10, 10 kilos (22 pounds). As soon as a worker touches the robot arm and uses a force of at least 150 Newton, the robot arm will automatically stop operating.
小题1:According to the text, the UR5 robotic arm _____.

A．was designed by IEEE

B．is aimed at small companies

C．has won a number of awards

D．made its appearance in 40 countries

小题2:The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 4 refers to _____.

A．the programme	B．the user interface
C．the robot arm	D．the “teaching function”

小题3:What’s the text mainly about?

A．An introduction to Universal Robots’ new robots.

B．The difference between the UR5 and the UR10.

C．Why the UR5 and the UR10 were invented.

D．How to operate the UR5 and the UR10.

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