(2013·高考新课标全国卷Ⅰ，B)The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.Sh
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(2013·高考新课标全国卷Ⅰ，B)The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.She is quiet but alert (警觉)．Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another，this time with the spots differently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other，her gaze(凝视) starts to lose its focus—until a third，with three black spots，is presented.Her gaze returns：she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the number two is different from three，just 24 hours after coming into the world?
Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment，but with three spots shown before two，shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes.Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb，a key，an orange and so on)，changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the pattern that two things make，as opposed to three? No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three，or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses.Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two；likewise (同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.
小题1:The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the baby’s________.| A．sense of hearing | B．sense of sight | | C．sense of touch | D．sense of smell |
小题2:Babies are sensitive to the change in________.| A．the size of cards | B．the colour of pictures | | C．the shape of patterns | D．the number of objects |
小题3:Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?| A．To reduce the difficulty of the experiment. | | B．To see how babies recognize sounds. | | C．To carry their experiment further. | | D．To keep the babies’ interest. |
小题4:Where does this text probably come from?| A．Science fiction. | | B．Children’s literature. | | C．An advertisement. | | D．A science report. |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:D
小题3:C
小题4:D |
解析
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了研究人员通过一些卡片上黑点的数量来检验婴儿对于数量变化的敏感程度，发现当数量相对多的时候，比较容易引起婴儿的注意，使他们变得更加兴奋。
小题1:解析：选B。细节理解题。根据第一段中的She stares at it carefully.“婴儿认真地盯着看”可知，研究人员研究的是孩子的视觉。A项指“听觉”；C项指“触觉”；D项指“嗅觉”，这与原文中的stares反映的信息不一致。
小题2:解析：选D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的As the cards change from one to the other，her gaze(凝视)starts to lose its focus—until a third，with three black spots，is presented.Her gaze returns...可知，随着卡片上黑点数量的变化，婴儿的注视也发生变化，表明了婴儿对于数量的变化比较敏感。A项size指卡片的大小；B项指图画的颜色；C项指结构的形状，这些与原文的信息不一致。
小题3:解析：选C。细节理解题。第二段中研究人员先是通过卡片上的黑点来测验婴儿对于数量的变化的敏感程度；根据第二段中的The effect even crosses between senses...three drumbeats than when they heard just two；likewise(同样地)when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.可知，研究人员又做了击鼓的实验，这样做的目的是更加深入地研究婴儿对于数量变化的敏感程度，故选C。A项“减少实验的难度”；B项“看看婴儿怎样辨别声音”；D项“保持婴儿的兴趣”，在文中均找不到支持信息。
小题4:解析：选D。文章出处题。本文提到了experiment和researchers等，可知是一些研究人员做了一个实验，来检验婴儿们对于数量的变化是不是敏感，所以本文属于一个科学研究报告，因此选D。A项表示“科幻小说”；B项表示“儿童文学”；C项表示“一则广告”，均与本文的内容不符。 |
举一反三
(2013·高考浙江卷，C)The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby.Almost from the moment it is born，the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother.During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large，warm，and soft object in its environment，particularly if that object also gives it milk.After a week or so，however，the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on“mother”—the real mother or the mothersubstitute(母亲替代物)．
During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的)thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby.The Harlows，a couple who are both psychologists，discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mothersubstitutes—one covered with cloth and one made of bare wire.If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature，the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother.However，if the wire model was heated，while the cloth model was cool，for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mothersubstitutes as their favorites.Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother.
Why is cloth preferable to bare wire？Something that the Harlows called contact(接触)comfort seems to be the answer，and a most powerful influence it is.Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers’ skins，putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can.Whenever the young animal is frightened，disturbed，or annoyed，it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body.Wire doesn’t “rub” as well as does soft cloth.Prolonged(长时间的)“contact comfort” with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk.
According to the Harlows，the basic quality of a baby’s love for its mother is trust.If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother，the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be.It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball.If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom，the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life.After a few minutes of contact comfort，it obviously begins to feel more secure.It then climbs down from the mothersubstitute and begins to explore the toys，but often rushes back for a deep embrace(拥抱)as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well.Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less and less time holding onto its “mother”．
小题1:Psychologically，what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life?| A．Warmth. | B．Milk. | | C．Contact. | D．Trust. |
小题2:After the first two weeks of their life，baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother to the wire mother because the former is________.| A．larger in size | | B．closer to them | | C．less frightening and less disturbing | | D．more comfortable to rub against |
小题3:What does the baby monkey probably gain from prolonged“contact comfort”？| A．Attention. | B．Softness. | | C．Confidence. | D．Interest. |
小题4:It can be inferred that when the baby monkey feels secure，________.| A．it frequently rushes back for a deep embrace when exploring the toys | | B．it spends more time screaming to get rewards | | C．it is less attracted to the toys though they are interesting | | D．it cares less about whether its mother is still around |
小题5:The main purpose of the passage is to ________.| A．give the reasons for the experiment | | B．present the findings of the experiment | | C．introduce the method of the experiment | | D．describe the process of the experiment |
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(2013·高考福建卷，B)Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone，and some New Yorkers are ready for the switch.Some in the city can’t wait to try them on and use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likely to include.
“ I’d use it if I were hanging out with friends at 3 a．m.and going to the bar and wanted to see what was open，”said Walter Choo,40，of Fort Greene.
The smartphonelike glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600，the Times said，possibly including a variation of augmented(增强的) reality，a technology already available on smartphones and tablets (平板电脑) that overlays information onto the screen about one’s surroundings.So，for example，if you were walking down a street，indicators would pop_up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you.
“As far as a mainstream consumer product，this just isn’t something anybody needs，”said Sam Biddle，who writes for Gizmodo.com.“ We’re accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do all these things，”he added，“and the average consumer isn’t gonna be able to afford another device (装置) that’s hundreds and hundreds of dollars.”
9to5Google publisher Seth Weintraub，who has been reporting on the smartphonelike glasses since late last year，said he is confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones.
“It’s just like smartphones 10 years ago，”Weintraub said.“A few people started getting emails on their phones，and people thought that was crazy.Same kind of thing.We see people bending their heads to look at their smartphones，and it’s unnatural，”he said.“ There’s gonna be improvements to that，and this a step there.”
小题1:One of the possible functions of the smartphonelike glasses is to ________.| A．program the opening hours of a bar | | B．supply you with a picture of the future | | C．provide information about your surroundings | | D．update the maps and GPS in your smartphones |
小题2:The underlined phrase“pop up”in the third paragraph probably means“ ________”．| A．develop rapidly | | B．get round quickly | | C．appear immediately | | D．go over automatically |
小题3:According to Sam Biddle，the smartphonelike glasses are ________.| A．necessary for teenagers | | B．attractive to New Yorkers | | C．available to people worldwide | | D．expensive for average consumers |
小题4:We can learn from the last two paragraphs that the smartphonelike glasses ________.| A．may have a potential market | | B．are as common as smartphones | | C．are popular among young adults | | D．will be improved by a new technology |
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(2013·高考安徽卷，B)Using too much water or throwingrubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger，but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways.You may wonder how paving(铺砌) a road can lead to less useable fresh water.A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater.Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground.The more roads and parking lots we pave，the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.
Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺)．Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts(干旱) than areas with more rainfall，but in any case，good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.
Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference，too.In the United States，a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live，but there’s a lot we can do to lower the number.
You can take steps to save water in your home.To start with，use the same glass for your drinking water all day.Wash it only once a day.Run your dishwasher (洗碗机)only when it is full.Help your parents fix any leaks in your home.You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.
小题1:Which of the following is most likely to lead to less groundwater?| A．Using river water. | | B．Throwing batteries away. | | C．Paving parking lots. | | D．Throwing rubbish into lakes. |
小题2:What can be inferred from the text?| A．All water shortages are due to human behavior. | | B．It takes a lot of effort to meet our water needs. | | C．There is much we can do to reduce family size. | | D．The average family in America makes proper use of water. |
小题3:The last paragraph is intended to________.| A．show us how to fix leaks at home | | B．tell us how to run a dishwasher | | C．prove what drinking glass is best for us | | D．suggest what we do to save water at home |
小题4:The text is mainly about________.| A．Why paving roads reduces our water | | B．how much we depend on water to live | | C．why droughts occur more in dry climates | | D．how human activity affects our water supply |
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(2013·高考新课标全国卷Ⅱ，C)Given that many people’s moods (情绪)are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate，it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drugstore of Chinese medicine.Looking like a setting from the film Charlie&the Chocolate Factory，Singapore’s Chocolate Research Facility (CRF) has over 100 varieties of chocolates.Its founder is Chris Lee who grew up at his parents’ corner store with one hand almost always in the jar of sweets.
If the CRF seems to be a smart idea，that’s because Lee is not merely a seasoned salesperson but also head of a marketing department that has business relations with big names such as Levi’s and Sony.That idea surely results in the imagination at work when it comes to making different flavored (味道) chocolates.
The CRF’s produce is “green ”，made within the country and divided into 10 lines，with the Alcohol Series being the most popular.The Exotic Series－with Sichuan pepper，red bean (豆)，cheese and other flavors－also does well and is fun to taste.And for chocolate_snobs，who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others，the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo，Cuba，Venezuela，and Ghana，among others.
小题1:What is good about chocolate?| A．It serves as a suitable gift. | | B．It works as an effective medicine. | | C．It helps improve the state of mind. | | D．It strengthens business relations. |
小题2:Why is Chris Lee able to develop his idea of the CRF?| A．He knows the importance of research. | | B．He learns from shops of similar types. | | C．He has the support of many big names | | D．He has a lot of marketing experience. |
小题3:Which line of the CRF produce sells best?| A．The Connoisseur Series. | | B．The Exotic Series. | | C．The Alcohol Series. | | D．The Sichuan Series. |
小题4:The words “chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who________.| A．are particular about chocolate | | B．know little about cocoa beans | | C．look down upon others | | D．like to try new flavors |
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(2013·高考四川卷，E)Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head，according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩) and pumping blood around their bodies，compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed.Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event，depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said：“Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.Dr Garfinkel said，“The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed.Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see－and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship，the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear，”Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced，we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders，and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
小题1:What is the finding of the study?| A．One’s heart affects how he feels fear. | | B．Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat. | | C．Fear has something to do with one’s health. | | D．One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear. |
小题2:The study was carried out by analyzing________.| A．volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures | | B．the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions | | C．volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans | | D．different pictures shown to volunteers and their heartbrain communication |
小题3:Which of the following is closest in meaning to“mechanism” in Paragraph 6?| A．Order. | B．System. | | C．Machine. | D．Treatment. |
小题4:This study may contribute to________.| A．treating anxiety and stress better | | B．explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety | | C．finding the key to the heartbrain communication | | D．understanding different fears in our hearts and heads |
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