Gray hair is simply a part of the normal aging process, and the rate you go silv
题型：不详难度：来源：
Gray hair is simply a part of the normal aging process, and the rate you go silver is genetically predetermined. Going gray is not associated with earlier death, and premature graying is not, generally speaking, a sign of an illness or ill health in younger adults. There are, however, some specific health conditions associated with gray or white hair, but for most of us, going gray is just a fact of life.
Hair color comes from the pigment melanin(黑色素), which determines your individual shade. Hair without any melanin is pure white. The pigment is produced in cells called melanocytes, which inject pigment into the hair. At some point in everyone"s lifetime, these cells slow down and eventually stop producing color. Scientists have yet to identify the exact mechanism by which melanocyte cell death occurs.
A study of more than 4,000 women and men from 20 countries determined that about 75% of people between the ages of 45 and 65 have some gray hair. In general, people of European descent gray earliest followed by Asians and Africans. It"s interesting to note that a lucky 1 in 10 has no gray hair by retirement age. Beginning at age 30, your chances of having gray hair go up 10-20% per decade.
It may feel like you have more grays after a stressful event, but that"s probably because middle age is basically a series of anxiety-ridden events. Between working, raising kids, and caring for older parents, the "sandwich" years of 45-65 can be stressful, especially for women. They are also when we naturally start to look older.
At this point, there is still no silver bullet to keep away the grays.
小题1:What would be the best title for this passage? | A．Going gray. | B．Tips to make hair color last | | C．Why does hair turn gray? | D．Gray hair is in fashion. |
小题2:Which of the following is a true statement according to the passage?| A．Scientists have found out how to prevent hair from turning gray. | | B．Europeans are more likely to gray than Asians and Africans. | | C．Gray hair means poor health or a sign of illness. | | D．Everyone will inevitably get gray hair by retirement age. |
小题3:Which is not among the reasons for hair turning gray according to the passage? | A．Being physically weak. | B．Stress from different sides. | | C．Death of melanocyte cell. | D．Genetic factors. |
小题4:What does “silver bullet” in the last paragraph probably mean?| A．Make-up | B．Scientific research. | C．Chemical weapon. | D．Cure. |
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答案
小题1:C
小题2:B
小题3:A
小题4:D |
解析
试题分析：本文介绍了为什么人的头发会变白。这是自然老化的过程、与基因有关，还和黑色素的分泌的多少有关，黑色素越少，头发越白。通过研究20多个国家的4000多男性和女性可知，有年龄原因也有地域原因。生活压力大也是原因之一。
小题1:主题归纳题。根据全文尤其是文章的第一句话判断，文章是在讲头发变白的应用。所以选C。
小题2:推理判断题。根据第三段的In general, people of European descent gray earliest followed by Asians and Africans.可知：欧洲人早于亚洲人和非洲人头发变花白。B
小题3:细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知，银发是一个正常老化的过程，头发变白由基因已经决定了的。与早亡无关，少白头也不是生病或者身体不舒服的标志。所以选A（身体虚弱）。
小题4:词义推测题。根据最后一段的意思可知：人在45-65之间压力很大，尤其是妇女，还有自然的老化问题。所以选D（治愈）。其他选项的意思是：Make-up化妆；Scientific research.科学研究；Chemical weapon.化学武器。 |
举一反三
How to Tell If Someone Is Happy or Sad on the Phone
Scientists have come up with some researches on what makes different types of people“tick”.
The scientists at the University of Cambridge have developed new mobile phone technology called Emotion Sense that can tell if a caller is happy, angry or sad.
Scientists hope to fit the speech recognition system to standard mobile phones and use it to determine emotions—it will also use a GPS tracking system to log where the call is made.
And they’ve already made some pretty major breakthroughs into really getting under the skin of us humans.
The results from the pilot scheme make interesting scientific reading. Among the key revelations (﹦facts) are that callers feel happier at home and sadder at work.
To break it down, scientifically, it shows 45 percent of all emotions produced at home are “happy”and 54 percent of emotions at work are “sad”.
Meanwhile, people show more “intense”(﹦nervous) emotions in the evening than they do in the morning.
Of course, this could just be because most people feel too tired in the morning to get overly “intense”. Eating breakfast and getting to work on time is usually enough of an achievement.
Anyway, the Emotion Sense technology has been developed by psychologists(心理学家) and computer scientists who say it uses speech recognition software and phone sensors(传感器) attached to standard smart phones to judge how callers’ emotions are changed by everyday factors.
The sensors analyze voice samples and these are then divided into five categories: happiness, sadness, fearfulness, anger or neutral-—boredom or passivity(消极) would fit into this last category.
小题1:How many emotions can the sensors tell?小题2:What does the underlined sentence mean?| A．Scientists have put something testing people’s emotions under humans’ skin. | | B．There were some breakthroughs in this technology in getting something from people’s skin. | | C．In this technology, people’s skin was broken through. | | D．There were improvements in testing people’s emotions. |
小题3:Why do most people feel less intense in the morning than in the evening?| A．Because morning is the start of a new day. | | B．because they feel too tired in the morning. | | C．Because of humans’ physiological structure. | | D．Because of the fresh air and bright sunlight. |
小题4:Which of the following hasn’t been put into the standard mobile phones?| A．Speech recognition software. | B．Phone sensors. | | C．GPS sensors. | D．Translation system. |
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The next time your face turns red after tripping(绊倒) over your own feet in public, don’t try to hide it—a new study finds that showing your embarrassment actually makes other people view you as more reliable.
Researchers at the University of California have carried out the study and found that embarrassment is a good signature of a person to whom you can entrust valuable resources.
Not only are the findings useful for people seeking cooperative and reliable team members and business partners, but they also make for helpful dating advice.“Moderate(适度的) levels of embarrassment are signs of virtue. Our data suggests embarrassment is a good thing, not something you should fight.”said Matthew Feinberg, who led the study.
While the most typical gesture of embarrassment is a downward gaze to one side while partly covering the face, a person who feels shame, as distinguished(区别) from embarrassment, will typically cover the whole face, Feinberg said.
The results were got from a series of experiments. In the first experiment, 60 college students were videotaped describing embarrassing moments, such as making incorrect assumptions(假想) based on appearances. The college students also participated in the “Dictator Game” which is used in economics research to measure altruism(利己主义). For example, each was given 10 raffle tickets(奖券) and asked to keep a share of the tickets and give the reminder(提示物) to a partner.
The findings, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, showed that those who showed greater levels of embarrassment tended to give away more of their raffle tickets, indicating(﹦showing) greater generosity.
小题1:According to the passage, which of the following is thought to be reliable?| A．A person who feels shame. | | B．A person who hides his embarrassment. | | C．A person who shows his embarrassment. | | D．A person who gives away more raffle tickets. |
小题2:We can infer from Paragraph 3 that ________.| A．it’s useless to fight our embarrassment | | B．people should try to overcome their embarrassment | | C．embarrassed people are not good at doing business | | D．people who show embarrassment can be good business partners |
小题3:The “Dictator Game ” is used to _________. | A．measure the students’ economic status | | B．test whether a student is generous or not | | C．determine the different levels of embarrassment | | D．record how each student reacts during embarrassing moments |
小题4:We learn from the last paragraph that those who showed greater levels of embarrassment ____.| A．proved to be more generous | B．kept more of the raffle tickets | | C．didn’t care for raffle tickets | D．were less reliable |
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How long do you want to live? How many years might be added to a life? Do you want to live another 100 years or more? Some experts say that scientific advances will one day enable humans to last tens of years beyond what is now seen as the natural limit of the human life span.（寿命）
“I think we are knocking at the door of immortality(永生) , " said Michael Zey, a Montclair State University business professor and author of two books on the future. "I think by 2075 we will see it and that"s a conservative estimate(保守的估计)."
At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past. "There is a great push so that people can live from 120 to 180 years," he said. "Some have suggested that there is no limit and that people could live to 200 or 300 or 500 years.
However, many scientists who research into ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years. Even with healthier lifestyles and less disease, they say the failure of the brain and organs will finally lead all humans to death.
Scientists also differ on what kind of life the super aged might live. "It remains to be seen if you pass 120,you know, could you be healthy enough to have good quality of life?" said Leonard Poon, director of the University of Georgia Gerontology Centre. "At present people who could get to that point are not in good health at all."
小题1:By saying "we are knocking at the door of immortality", Michael Zey means ______.| A．they have got some ideas about living forever | | B．they are sure to find the truth about long living | | C．they believe that there is no limit of living | | D．they are able to make people live past the present life span |
小题2:Donald Louria"s attitude towards long living is that ______.| A．people can live from 120 to 180 | | B．it is possible for humans to live longer in the future | | C．the human body is designed to last past about 120 years | | D．it is still doubtful how long humans can live |
小题3:The underlined word "it"( in Paragraph 4)refers to______.| A．using genes as well as nanotechnology | | B．the idea of living beyond the present life span | | C．a great push | | D．the conservative estimate |
小题4:What would be the best title for this text? | A．No Limit for Human Life | B．Science, Technology and Long Living | | C．Living Longer or Not | D．Healthy Lifestyle and Long Living |
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There has been a dramatic increase in the number of natural disasters over the past few years，and it is assumed that global warming and climate change could cause even more disasters in the future.Some of the world’s leading cities are facing disasters like floods and heat waves.
London
London’s flood defences are getting older. Since 1982, the Thames Barrier(水闸) has protected the city from the threat of flooding，but it was only designed to last until 2030 and close once every two or three years. About 21 years later the barrier now closes five or six times a year and according to Environment Agency predictions, by 2050 the barrier will be closed on almost every tide if the problem is not addressed.
There are 26 underground stations, 400 schools, 16 hospitals, an airport and 80 billion worth of property in London"s flood risk area, so large scale flooding would be disastrous.
Paris
Over a sixweek period in July and August 2008，more than 11400 — mainly elderly people — died in France from dehydration (脱水) and extremely high body temperature in a deadly heat wave. Heat waves of similar intensity (强度) are expected every seven years by 2050, so what can be done to make sure such a disaster does not happen again?
One solution is to have airconditioners installed in elderly care homes. But this is considered a shortterm solution, as the increase in demand for electricity also increases carbon emissions.
In Paris the local authorities are encouraging architects to design new types of buildings such as the building “Flower Tower”, which uses a covering of bamboo to act as a natural airconditioner.
Shanghai
Shanghai is the fastest growing city on Earth. It has a population of 18 million and is only 4 meters above sea level. Sea levels are predicted to rise by 20 cm within the next century.
An estimated 250,000 people move to Shanghai every year in search of work, placing extra demands on energy consumption. China relies heavily on coalfired power stations, but these emissions increase temperatures and, in turn, warmer seas increase the risk of typhoons.
小题1:Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?| A．Big Cities Facing Big Disasters | B．Big Disasters in the Future | | C．The Increase of Natural Disasters | D．Solutions to Natural Disasters |
小题2:What problem should be settled now in London?| A．How to protect the city’s property. | | B．Where to build its flood defences. | | C．How to use the Thames Barrier to protect the city. | | D．How to improve the function of the old flood defences. |
小题3: Which of the following measures can’t solve the heat wave disaster in Paris?| A．Putting up new types of buildings with a covering of bamboo. | | B．Having airconditioners installed in elderly care homes. | | C．Forbidding the city to build “Flower Tower”. | | D．Encouraging architects to design new types of buildings. |
小题4:The major threats to Shanghai are ________.| A．increasing population and coalfired power stations | | B．rising sea levels and typhoons | | C．extremely high temperature and rising sea levels | | D．extra demands on energy consumption and typhoons |
小题5:The purpose of the passage is ________.| A．to tell us how to protect the big cities | | B．to give advice on how to defend natural disasters | | C．to explain what causes flood and heat waves | | D．to warn us of the increasing natural disasters in big cities |
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How many times do you have to fail at something in order to succeed? Did you know that Thomas Edison failed 10,000 times while trying to invent the light bulb? He certainly had a “learn and do” attitude! He was able to turn each failed experiment into a successful way to invent the light bulb. So what can we learn from this? You can adopt the “fail forward” strategy too.
In reality, none of us are failures. It’s true that we will experience times of defeat, problems, and disasters, but remember, each one of us is meant to succeed in life. However, we must choose our fate. Henry David Thoreau said, “Men are born to succeed, not to fail.”
We can never be forced into having a happy and successful life. Whether or not you experience success or failure is completely controlled by what you think and do. You are the only one who can choose the thoughts that will keep you from achieving the abundant life and joy that you are meant to have. No matter how difficult things may seem, say to yourself, “I choose to be a happy and successful person.”
Why do some people get what they want and others fail? I believe that getting what you desire in life takes planning, and it doesn’t just happen by luck. So how do we plan for success?
It has been proven that successful people do things more differently than unsuccessful people. They recognize the patterns of success and follow them; one of those patterns is planning. They plan what they think and do, which sets them apart. They know exactly what they desire, have an intelligent plan for getting it, and then work their plan. They know what success will cost them in terms of time, energy, and results, and they devote the right resources toward making their plans happen.
小题1:The writer refers to Thomas Edison to ________.| A．introduce his invention | | B．put forward the topic of the text | | C．praise the inventor | | D．show the way to success |
小题2:What Henry David Thoreau said implies that ________.| A．everyone is able to be a success | | B．most people lack the confidence to succeed | | C．everyone can do nothing but succeed in his life | | D．no one can succeed without difficulty and suffering |
小题3:The main idea of the last two paragraphs is that ________.| A．planning plays an important role in success | | B．successful people differ from unsuccessful ones | | C．successful people have many patterns of success | | D．devoting the right resources can help reach one’s goal |
小题4:Which of the following would match the text?| A．All roads lead to Rome. | B．Think twice before you act. | | C．No pains, no gains. | D．Failure is the mother of success. |
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