Alan Izhar-Bodner, an Israeli inventor, has developed a swimming suit for divers
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Alan Izhar-Bodner, an Israeli inventor, has developed a swimming suit for divers to breathe underwater without carrying heavy oxygen tanks. His suit makes use of the air that is dissolved（溶解）in water, just like fish do.
The system uses the Henry Law which states that the amount of gas that can be dissolved in a liquid is proportional (成比例的)to the pressure on the liquid. Raise the pressure ---more gas can be dissolved in the liquid. Decrease the pressure --- less gas dissolved in the liquid releases the gas. This is exactly what happens when you open a can of soda; carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in the liquid and is under pressure in the can. Open the can, releasing the pressure, and the gas fizzes(嘶撕作响)out.
Bodner"s System obviously uses a special machine to lower pressure in part of a small amount of seawater taken into the system; dissolved gas is taken out. The patent（专利）reads: A self-contained open-circuit（循环）breathing instrument for use within a body of water naturally containing dissolved air. The instrument is adapted to provide breathable(可吸入的)air. The instrument contains an inlet for taking out a quantity of water from the body of water. It further contains a separator for separating the dissolved air from the quantity of water, thus gaining the breathable air. The instrument further contains an outlet for expelling (驱逐)the separated water back into the body of water, and another outlet for removing the breathable air and supplying it for breathing. The air is supplied so as to enable it to be expelled back into the body of water after it has been breathed .
Human beings have been thinking about how to breathe underwater since they started swimming. This long-held desire plays an important part in one of the first great science fiction novels, Jules Verne"s 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.
小题1:It can be inferred from the passage that____________ .| A．the less pressure it is, the less carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in the liquid | | B．the deeper one dives into the ocean, the less gas is dissolved in the water | | C．the greater pressure it is, the more carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in the liquid | | D．the deeper one dives into the ocean, the more gas is dissolved in the water |
小题2:This passage is mainly about __________.| A．how Bodner invented the instrument for breathing underwater | | B．why Bodner invented the instrument for breathing underwater | | C．how Bodner"s instrument for breathing underwater works | | D．how Bodner"s instrument is used by divers for breathing underwater |
小题3:From the passage we learn that __________.| A．a separator is used to expel breathable air back into the body of water | | B．a separator is used to separate the air from the water so as to make use of the water | | C．The breathable air removed from an outlet will eventually go back to the body of water. | | D．The breathable air removed from an outlet will immediately go back to the body of water. |
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答案
小题1:D
小题2:C
小题3:C |
解析
试题分析：本文主要讲述的就是Alan Izhar-Bodner所发明的海底呼吸的设备的工作原理和方式。
小题1:D 推理题。根据第二段Raise the pressure ---more gas can be dissolved in the liquid.说明压力越大，溶解的气体越多，故D项，人潜水越深，压力也就越大，溶解的气体也就越多。故D正确。
小题2:C 主旨大意题，本文主要讲述的就是Alan Izhar-Bodner所发明的海底呼吸的设备的工作原理和方式，故C项正确。
小题3:C 根据文章第三段The instrument contains an inlet for taking out a quantity of water from the body of water. It further contains a separator for separating the dissolved air from the quantity of water, thus gaining the breathable air. The instrument further contains an outlet for expelling (驱逐)the separated water back into the body of water, and another outlet for removing the breathable air and supplying it for breathing.说明最后这些空气都回到身体中的水里去了。故C正确。
点评：科普类短文最大的障碍是词汇以及考生对阅读内容的不熟悉，需要考生在阅读的时候有足够的耐心。要养成在上下文串联中猜测词义的能力，根据上下文中出现的同义词，近义词，反义词，以及词义的解释来理解生词。同时要抓住文章的中心，不要受其他信息的影响。要根据题目及选项以及文章的上下文串联合理的判断推理。 |
举一反三
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange places that they seem to visit in their sleep. ___小题1:___ However, they have been valued as necessary to a person’s health and happiness.
Historically people thought dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams scientifically believing that they tell about a person’s character. ___小题2:__ He believed that dreams allow a person to express fantasies or fears, which would be socially unacceptable in real life.
The second theory to become popular was Carl Jung’s compensation theory. Jung, a former student of Freud, said that the purpose of a dream is not to hide something, but rather to communicate it to the dreamer. ___小题3:__ Thus, people who think too highly of themselves may dream about falling; those who think too little of themselves dream of being heroes.
Using more recent research, William Domhoff from the University of California found that dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop in humans. ___小题4:___ Until they reach age five, they can not express very well what their dreams are about. Once people become adults, there is little or no change in their dreams. The dreams of men and women differ.
The meaning of dreams continues to be difficult to understand. ___小题5:___ If you dream that a loved one is going to die, do not panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that your loved one is going to die.| A．Dreams make up for what is lacking in waking life. | | B．However, people should not take their dreams as reality. | | C．They have been considered as meaningless nighttime journeys. | | D．It gives scientists chances to better understand human mind. |
E．Children do not dream as much as adults.
F．They think their mind is trying to tell them something.
G．First, there was Sigmund Freud’s theory. |
If music makes you smarter and exercise helps you to think, surely exercising to music can turn you into an intelligent person.
A team of scientists from Ohio State University did experiments on 33 volunteers who were getting better from heart disease following operation. They found that people who exercised while listening to Italian musician Antonio Vivaldi’s “The Four Seasons” did much better on language ability tests than without music.
“Facts suggest that exercise improves the learning ability of people with heart disease,” said the psychologist Charles Emery, who led the study. “And listening to music is thought to enhance understanding. We just wanted to put the two results together,” he added.
The volunteers said they felt better emotionally and physically after working out with or without the music. But their improvement on the test doubled after listening to music during exercise. Scientists have proved that music can be good for health, education and well-being. It helps reduce stress, sadness and nervousness; encourages relaxation or sleep; wakes up the body and improves memory and thoughts.
In medical fields, music is used widely for patients who have had head hurts before and after operation. “The Four Seasons” was used because of its moderate tempo（舒缓的节拍）and positive results in earlier research. “Exercise seems to cause positive changes in the nervous system(神经系统) and these changes may have a direct result on learning ability,” Emery said.
Scientists have been studying the results of music on understanding since the early 1950s. By 2000, psychologists were using Mozart’s music, especially his violin pieces, to help children with speech disorders. Mozart was chosen because his music is not overexciting and has clear structures. A study showed students who listened to Mozart went on to score higher marks in an intelligence test. With important exams drawing near, your parents will not probably allow you to listen to music. But perhaps now you have good reasons to argue with them.
小题1:The underlined word enhance can be replaced by ______.| A．impress | B．improve | C．provide | D．produce |
小题2:The text mainly tells us that _____.| A．music and exercise lead to relaxation or sleep | | B．33 volunteers work on music in medical fields | | C．exercising to music makes people healthy and bright | | D．scientists give suggestions on choosing music to exercise to |
小题3:It can be learned from the last paragraph that ______.| A．you are supposed to follow your parents’ words | | B．students should not listen to music before exams | | C．you have some good reasons to exercise to music | | D．music might help you to get higher grades in tests |
小题4:Which of the following statements is true?| A．Exercise seems to cause negative changes without music. | | B．Exercise reminds people with head hurts of what they’ve learned. | | C．Scientists often use Mozart’s music, for it is not too exciting. | | D．“The Four Seasons” is used to help children with speech disorders. |
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When children learn a language, they learn the grammar as well as words or vocabulary. No one teaches them; children just “pick them up”.
Before babies begin to produce words, they produce sounds. Some of these sounds will remain if they occur in the language being learned, and others will disappear. This is called the “babbling stage”.
A child does not learn the language “all at once”. The child first speaks only one-word “sentences”. After a few months, the two-word stage arises. During this stage, the child puts two words together. These two-word sentences have definite patterns and express grammatical and meaningful relationships. Still later, in the telegraphic stage, the child will produce longer sentences. These longer sentences are mainly made up of content words. The child’s early grammar lacks many of the rules of the adult grammar, but gradually it will become perfect.
All normal children everywhere learn language. This ability is not dependent on race, social class, geography, or even intelligence (智力). This ability is uniquely (独特的) for human.
小题1:This passage is mainly about ___________.| A．differences between a child’s language and an adult’s | | B．ways of teaching babies to talk | | C．children’s learning of the mother language | | D．the importance of learning foreign languages |
小题2:The phrase “pick them up” means____________.| A．raise them from the ground | | B．learn them without much effort | | C．use hands to help carry them | | D．study very hard and remember them |
小题3:During the “babbling stage”, babies ___________.| A．can only produce sound | | B．learn to work without falling over | | C．can understand people’s talk | | D．begin to produce two-word sentences |
小题4:The two-word sentences produced by babies __________.| A．are simpler than those produced in the “babbling stage” | | B．are much more difficult than those produced in the telegraphic stage | | C．are strictly grammatical | | D．are meaningful and have function |
小题5:The passage implies that any children can learn a language as long as he is ___________. | A．well-educated | B．clever enough | | C．unique | D．physical normal |
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Scientists are making new studies of color and its effects on our health. They have known for a long time that the color of a room or the color of the light in it can affect our feelings and emotions. Many prisons and hospitals have at least one room that is painted pink. Officials have found that light and color can produce physical changes in our bodies.
Professor Falfan worked with a group of 9 disabled children at school in Albert. Two of the children were blind. The other seven had normal sight. The scientists changed the color of the school room, then looked for changes in blood pressure, heart beat and breathing rate. The effects of color changes were the same for the blind children as for those with normal sight. Their blood pressure dropped from about 120 to 100. Similar changes were reported in heart-beat and the breathing. The children also were calmer and less excited. Then the colors of the room were returned to orange and white. Blood pressure, heart-beat and breathing rate went up and the children became excited again.
Professor Falfan said different colors produce different levels of light energy. He said the differences seem to affect chemicals in the brain that carry messages from nerve to nerve and from nerve to muscle.
小题1:Light and color can affect________.| A．only one’s feelings and emotions | | B．one’s energy | | C．one’s mental changes | | D．one’s heart-beat, brain activities, blood pressure, feelings and emotions |
小题2:The color of pink had a calming effect, that is to say, the color affects __________.| A．the chemicals in the brain | B．the eyes | | C．the skin | D．the muscle |
小题3:According to the text, orange and white are colors which can make people ________.| A．calm | B．active | C．sick | D．blind |
小题4:The colors in the school room mentioned in the passage were changed from _________.| A．orange to white | B．orange and white to dark blue | | C．orange and white to pink or some other colors | D．gray to more colors |
小题5:After reading the passage we can conclude that ________.| A．blind people can be affected by colors, too | | B．one’s heart will beat fast in a colorful room than in a white room | | C．the chemicals in the brain change with feelings and emotions | | D．if one’s blood pressure drops, his breathing will get slower and slower |
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We don’t plan to cry, but it just happens. In fact when we feel sad or angry, a good cry is almost impossible to resist. But if you didn’t know what crying was, you’d have to wonder why some strong feelings started water streaming from people’s eyes and why they seemed to feel better afterwards.
Now a US researcher had found there may be more in crying than we think. William H. Frey II, author of “Crying: The Mystery of Tears,” believes it may really be one of the body’s clever self-repair mechanisms. Crying may be a way of getting rid of the by-products of stress, he says.
He has found that tears contain some chemicals which can cause stress. One of these is the hormone prolactin (激素), which is set free when one is feeling stressed. Since women have more of this than men, that might explain why they usually cry more, he suggests.
Unsurprisingly, Dr Frey’s study seemed to prove that most people feel better after a good cry. And sex has nothing to do with it ––– the result was true for women and men. So, next time you feel like bursting into tears, go ahead. If Dr Frey is right, you’ll be doing yourself a favour.
小题1:The best title of this passage would be ________.| A．Why Do We Cry | B．Crying and Tears. | | C．Dr Frey and Crying. | D．Tears and Chemicals |
小题2:According to the author, we feel like crying because________.| A．crying is one of our habits | | B．we can’t control it | | C．crying is one of the body’s self-repair mechanisms | | D．we can get the by-products of stress by crying |
小题3:According to the passage, men seem less likely to cry than women because_______.| A．their bodies contain less hormone prolactin | | B．their tears contain more chemicals | | C．they are not so full of feelings as women | | D．the chemicals in their tears can’t cause stress |
小题4:The author advised us________.| A．to plan to cry very often | | B．not to cry any more | | C．to go outdoors without hesitation | | D．to cry as we want to |
小题5:Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?| A．Good cries can make most people feel better | | B．Only women can feel better after crying. | | C．It is easy to understand that people feel better after a good cry. | | D．Crying is sometimes impossible to resist. |
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