(2013·高考广东卷，D)While Jennifer was at home taking an online exam for her business
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(2013·高考广东卷，D)While Jennifer was at home taking an online exam for her business law class，a monitor(监控器)a few hundred miles away was watching her every move.
Using a web camera equipped in Jennifer’s Los Angeles apartment，the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved from the computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room.Her Internet access was locked－remotely－to prevent Internet searches，and her typing style was analyzed to make sure she was who she said she was：Did she enter her student number at the same speed as she had in the past? Or was she slowing down?
In the battle against cheating，this is the cutting_edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education.The technology gives trust to the entire system，to the institution and to online education in general.Only with solid measures against cheating，experts say，can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid—that students haven’t just searched the Internet to get the right answers.
Although online classes have existed for more than a decade，the concern over cheating has become sharper in the last year with the growth of“open online courses.”Private colleges，public universities and corporations are jumping into the online education field.spending millions of dollars to attract potential students，while also taking steps to help guarantee honesty at a distance.
Aside from the web cameras，a number of other hightech methods are becoming increasingly popular.Among them are programs that check students’ identities using personal information，such as the telephone numbers they once used.
Other programs can produce unique exams by drawing on a large list of questions and can recognize possible cheaters by analyzing whether difficult test questions are answered at the same speed as easy ones.As in many university classes，term papers are scanned against some large Internet data banks for cheating.
小题1:Why was Jennifer watched in an online exam?| A．To correct her typing mistakes. | | B．To find her secrets in the room. | | C．To prevent her from slowing down. | | D．To keep her from dishonest behaviors. |
小题2:The underlined expression cutting edge in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to________.| A．advanced technique | | B．sharpening tool | | C．effective rule | | D．dividing line |
小题3:For Internet universities，exams and diplomas will be valid if________.| A．they can attract potential students | | B．they can defeat academic cheating | | C．they offer students online help | | D．they offer many online courses |
小题4:Some programs can find out possible cheaters by________.| A．checking the question answering speed | | B．producing a large number of questions | | C．scanning the Internet test questions | | D．giving difficult test questions |
小题5:Which of the following is the best title of this passage?| A．The Advantages of Online Exams | | B．The Hightech Methods in Online Courses | | C．The Fight against Cheating in Online Education | | D．The War against the Booming of Online Education |
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答案
小题1:D
小题2:A
小题3:B
小题4:A
小题5:C |
解析
本文为说明文。网络教育越来越受欢迎，但是在考试时如何防止考生作弊呢？网络教育文凭的可信度与考试防作弊程序的有效性密切相关。核实考生个人信息的程序以及监控分析考生答题速度的程序都可以遏制网络考试中出现的作弊现象。
小题1:解析：选D。推理判断题。根据第二段提到的监控内容以及第三段的In the battle against cheating...可知，对Jennifer进行监控是为了防止她考试作弊。前三项分别意为“纠正她的打字错误”“找到她房间里的秘密”“阻止她放慢速度”，都与文章内容不符。
小题2:解析：选A。词义猜测题。根据上文可知，网络远程监控设备是在蓬勃发展的网络教育领域中鼓励诚实的前沿科技，也是关键所在。由下一句中的The technology也可推测出cutting edge是一种“尖端科技”，故A项正确。
小题3:解析：选B。细节理解题。根据第三段的Only with solid measures against cheating， experts say，can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid...可知，只有通过强有力的手段来杜绝作弊，网络大学的考试和文凭才有效，B项与之意思一致。
小题4:解析：选A。细节理解题。除了远程监控手段外，文章在最后两段还介绍了两种防止作弊的方法，一种是核实考生的个人信息，另一种则是分析考生的答题速度，A项与文章最后一段内容一致。
小题5:解析：选C。主旨大意题。概括全文可知，文章主要介绍了几种防止远程网络考试作弊的技术，故C项正确。“防止作弊”为关键词，其余选项均未涉及，故排除。 |
举一反三
We’ve considered several ways of paying to cut in line：hiring line standers，buying tickets from scalpers (票贩子)，or purchasing linecutting privileges directly from，say，an airline or an amusement park.Each of these deals replaces the morals of the queue (waiting your turn) with the morals of the market (paying a price for faster service)．
Markets and queues—paying and waiting—are two different ways of allocating things，and each is appropriate to different activities.The morals of the queue，“First come，first served，”have an egalitarian(平等主义的) appeal.They tell us to ignore privilege，power，and deep pockets.
The principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops.But the morals of the queue do not govern all occasions.If I put my house up for sale，I have no duty to accept the first offer that comes along，simply because it’s the first.Selling my house and waiting for a bus are different activities，properly governed by different standards.
Sometimes standards change，and it is unclear which principle should apply.Think of the recorded message you hear，played over and over，as you wait on hold when calling your bank：“Your call will be answered in the order in which it was received.”This is essential for the morals of the queue.It’s as if the company is trying to ease our impatience with fairness.
But don’t take the recorded message too seriously.Today，some people’s calls are answered faster than others.Call center technology enables companies to“score”incomings calls and to give faster service to those that come from rich places.You might call this telephonic queue jumping.
Of course，markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things.Some goods we distribute by merit，others by need，still others by chance.However，the tendency of markets to replace queues，and other nonmarket ways of allocating goods is so common in modern life that we scarcely notice it anymore.It is striking that most of the paid queuejumping schemes we’ve considered—at airports and amusement parks，in call centers，doctors’offices，and national parks—are recent developments，scarcely imaginable three decades ago.The disappearance of the queues in these places may seem an unusual concern，but these are not the only places that markets have entered.
小题1:According to the author，which of the following seems governed by the principle“First come，first served”？| A．Taking buses. | | B．Buying houses. | | C．Flying with an airline. | | D．Visiting amusement parks. |
小题2:The example of the recorded message in Paragraphs 4 and 5 illustrates________.| A．the necessity of patience in queuing | | B．the advantage of modern technology | | C．the uncertainty of allocation principle | | D．the fairness of telephonic services |
小题3:The passage is meant to________.| A．justify paying for faster services | | B．discuss the morals of allocating things | | C．analyze the reason for standing in line | | D．criticize the behavior of queue jumping |
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“People are ruder today because they are rushed and more ‘time poor’ than ever before，”says Patsy Rowe，“ Manners_have_fallen_off_the_radar(雷达)．”Due to our strong attraction to electronic equipment it is a wonder more people don’t wake up each morning and greet the singing birds with a complaint(抱怨)about the noise.Here are some examples of rudeness.
Some people prefer to do almost everything over the internet.To them，dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward.It feels very slow because humans don’t work at 4G speeds.When you have dinner with friends，you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone.We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings lifechanging news，so taking calls and checking our texts are more important than talking to the people we are with.What is worse，some people even tend to send anonymous(匿名的) rude messages by email.
However，rudeness is never acceptable.Don’t assume it is OK to be rude if the person you’re in touch with won’t recognize you.If you have something awful to say，have the courage to face the person and say it，write a letter or email and sign it，or forget it.Upsetting people with unsigned messages is cruel and disgusting.
We shouldn’t blame technology for our shortcomings.Technology is here to help us，but we should not allow it to take over our lives.An important step ia acknowledging our shortcomings.People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners but it would be even more helpful if we’d publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.
小题1:What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1?| A．People can tell good from bad behavior. | | B．Radar is able to observe human behavior. | | C．People care little about their behavior. | | D．Radar can be used to predict human behavior. |
小题2:Some people are less willing to deal with humans because________.| A．they are becoming less patient | | B．they are growing too independent | | C．they have to handle many important messages | | D．they have to follow an evolutionary step backward. |
小题3:The author thinks sending unsigned awful messages is________.| A．ridiculous | B．disgusting | | C．acceptable | D．reasonable |
小题4:What can we learn from the last paragraph?| A．We should applaud good behavior. | | B．Technology can never be blamed. | | C．We should keep pointing out mistakes. | | D．Technology will take over our lives one day. |
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Urbanization
(2013·高考北京卷)Until relatively recently，the vast majority of human beings lived and died without ever seeing a city.The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago.__ 小题1:__In fact，nearly everyone lived on farms or in tiny rural (乡村的) villages.It was not until the 20th century that Great Britain became the first urban society in history—a society in which the majority of people live in cities and do not farm for a living.
Britain was only the beginning. 小题2:__The process of urbanization—the migration (迁徙) of people from the countryside to the city—was the result of modernization，which has rapidly transformed how people live and where they live.
In 1990，fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas.Today，over 82% of Americans live in cities.Only about 2% live on farms.__ 小题3:__
Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized.Even in advanced agricultural societies，it took about ninetyfive people on farms to feed five people in cities._ 小题4:_Until modern times，those living in cities were mainly the ruling elite(精英) and the servants，laborers and professionals who served them.Cities survived by taxing farmers and were limited in size by the amount of surplus food that the rural population produced and by the ability to move this surplus from farm to city.
Over the past two centuries，the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country. 小题5:_Today，instead of needing ninetyfive farmers to feed five city people，one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred nonfarmers.| A．That kept cities very small. | | B．The rest live in small towns. | | C．The effects of urban living on people should be considered. | | D．Soon many other industrial nations became urban societies. |
E．But even 200 years ago，only a few people could live in cities.
F．Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.
G．Modern cities have destroyed social relations and the health of human beings. |
Recently, an almost literal case of lifeboat ethics(伦理) occurred. On Aug. 4, Graham and Sheryl Anley, while boating off the coast of South Africa, hit a rock. As the boat threatened to sink the husband got off, but his wife was trapped in the boat. Instead of freeing his wife and getting her to shore, Graham grabbed Rosie, their pet dog. With Rosie safe and sound, Graham returned for Sheryl. All are doing fine.
It"s a great story, but it doesn"t strike me as especially newsworthy. News is supposed to be about something fairly unique, and recent research suggests that, in the right circumstances, lots of people also would have grabbed their Rosie first.
We have strange relationships with our pets. We lavish our pets with adoration and better health care than billions of people receive. We speak to pets with the same high-pitched voices that we use for babies. As an extreme example of our feelings about pets, the Nazis had strict laws that guaranteed the humane treatment of the pets of Jews being shipped to death camps.
A recent paper by George Regents University demonstrates this human involvement with pets to an astonishing extent. Participants in the study were told a situation in which a bus is out of control, bearing down on a dog and a human. Which do you save? With responses from more than 500 people, the answer was that it depended: What kind of human and what kind of dog?
Everyone would save a brother, grandparent or close friend rather than a strange dog. But when people considered their own dog versus people less connected with them—a distant cousin or a hometown stranger—votes in favor of saving the dog came rolling in. And an astonishing 40% of respondents, including 46% of women, voted to save their dog over a foreign tourist.
What does a finding like this mean? First, that your odds aren"t so good if you find yourself in another country with a bus bearing down on you and a cute dog. But it also points to something deeper: our unprecedented(史无前例的) attitude toward animals, which got its start with the birth of humane societies in the 19th century.
We prison people who abuse animals, put ourselves in harm"s way in boats between whales and whalers and show sympathy to Bambi and his mother. We can extend empathy to an animal and feel its pain like no other species. But let"s not be too proud of ourselves. As this study and too much of our history show, we"re pretty selective about how we extend our humaneness to other human beings.
小题1:What is the function of the first paragraph?| A．To create a relaxing mood for readers. | | B．To present the theme of this essay straightly. | | C．To lead in the main topic of this essay. | | D．To raise problems that will be solved later. |
小题2:The author mentions Nazi laws in the third paragraph _______________. | A．to show how cruel the Nazis were to the Jews | | B．as an example to persuade people not to love pets | | C．to illustrate the strange relationship between human and pets | | D．as an example to display the humaneness of the Nazis |
小题3:Which of the following is true according to the article?| A．The story of the Anleys and their dog was too unique to be newsworthy. | | B．Most people surveyed choose to save their own dog rather than a human. | | C．It was in the 19th century that human beings started to love their pets. | | D．Human beings are more and more concerned with animals nowadays. |
小题4:What does the author mainly argue for?| A．Pets are of great significance to us human beings. | | B．We should rethink about our attitude towards animals and mankind. | | C．It is kind of human beings to extend humaneness to animals. | | D．We should be selective when showing attitude toward other human beings. |
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It’s really true what people say about English politeness: it’s everywhere. When squeezing past someone in a narrow passage, people say “sorry”. When getting off a bus, English passengers say “thank you” rather than the driver. In Germany, people would never dream of doing these things. After all, squeezing past others is sometimes unavoidable, and the bus driver is only doing his job. I used to think the same way, without questioning it, until I started traveling to the British Isles, and here are some more polite ways of interacting with people in UK.
People thank each other everywhere in England, all the time. When people buy something in a shop, customer and shop assistant in most cases thank each other twice or more. In Germany, it would be exceptional to hear more than one thank you in such a conversation. British students thank their lecturers when leaving the room. English employers thank their employees for doing their jobs, as opposite to Germans, who would normally think that paying their workers money is already enough.
Another thing I observed during my stay was that English people rarely criticize others. Even when I was working and mistakes were pointed out to me, my employers emphasized several times but none of their explanations were intended as criticism. It has been my impression that by avoiding criticism, English people are making an effort to make others feel comfortable. This also is showed in other ways. British men still open doors for women, and British men are more likely to treat women to a meal than German men. However, I do need to point out here that this applies to English men a bit more than it would to Scottish men! Yes, the latter are a bit tightfisted.
小题1:What is the author’s attitude towards English politeness?| A．He thinks it is unnecessary. | B．He thinks little of it. | | C．He appreciates it very much. | D．He thinks it goes too far. |
小题2:What can be inferred from the passage?| A．German men never treat a woman to dinner. | | B．The author think it’s unnecessary to say “thank you” to the bus driver. | | C．In Germany, employers often say “thank you” to employees for their job. | | D．Germans think it is unnecessary to thank workers because payment is enough. |
小题3:We can learn from the last paragraph that Scottish men ______.| A．like to fight with each other | | B．treat women in a polite way | | C．are as generous as English men | | D．are unwilling to spend money for women |
小题4:The author develops the text through the method of ______.| A．making comparisons | B．telling stories | C．giving reasons | D．giving examples |
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