In the eighteenth century one of the first modern economists, Adam Smith, though
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In the eighteenth century one of the first modern economists, Adam Smith, thought that “ the whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country” provided revenue to “three different orders of people: those who live by rent, those who live by wages, and those who live by profit”. Each successive stage of the industrial revolution, however, made the social structure more complicated.
Many intermediate groups grew up during the nineteenth century between the upper middle class and the working class. There were small-scale industrialists as well as large ones, small shopkeepers and tradesmen, officials and salaried employees, skilled and unskilled workers, and professional men such as doctors and teachers. Farmers and peasants continued in all countries as independent groups.
During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the possession of wealth inevitably affected a person’s social position. Intelligent industrialists with initiative made fortunes by their wits which lifted them into an economic group far higher than that of their working-class parents. But they lacked social training of the upper class, who despised them as the “new rich.”
They often sent their sons and daughters to special schools to acquire social training. Here their children, mixed with the children of the upper classes, were accepted by them, and very often found marriage partners from among them. In the same way, a thrifty, hardworking labourer, though not clever himself, might save for his son enough to pay for an extended secondary school education in the hope that he would move in a “white-collar” occupation, carrying with it a higher salary and a move up in the social scale.
In the twentieth century the increased taxation of higher incomes, the growth of the social services, and the wider development of educational opportunity have considerably altered the social outlook. The upper classes no longer are the sole, or even the main possessors of wealth, power and education, though inherited social position still carries considerable prestige.
小题1:What criterion did Adam Smith seem to go by in his classification of social groups?| A．The amount of wealth | B．The amount of money | | C．The social status | D．The way of getting money |
小题2:If you compare the first and second paragraph, what groups of people did Adam Smith leave out in his classification?| A．Officials and employees. | B．Peasants and farmers. | | C．Doctors and teachers. | D．Tradesmen and landlords. |
小题3:Who were the ‘new rich’ during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?| A．They were still the upper class people. | | B．They were owners of large factories. | | C．They were intelligent industrialists. | | D．They were skilled workers who made their fortune. |
小题4:According to the passage, what did those people do who intended to make their children move up in the social ladder?| A．They saved a lot of money for their children to receive higher education. | | B．They tried to find marriage partners from the children of the upper class. | | C．They made greater fortunes by their wits. | | D．They worked even harder to acquire social training. |
小题5: In the twentieth century class differences have been partly smoothed out by ____.| A．increased income and decreased taxation | | B．taxation, social services and educational opportunities | | C．education, the increase of income and industrial development | | D．the decrease of the upper class population |
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答案
小题1:D
小题2:B
小题3:C
小题4:A
小题5:B |
解析
试题分析：本文是说明文，讲述18世纪亚当斯密以社会的分类，其中没有包括农民，而随着社会的发展对高额的收入增加税收，社会服务和教育机会的扩大，阶级差别逐渐模糊。
小题1:D细节理解题。根据第一段提到the whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country” provided revenue to “three different orders of people: those who live by rent, those who live by wages, and those who live by profit”.这个社会分为三种，一种靠租房生活，一种靠工资生活，一种是靠利润生活，所以他的判断的标准是以挣钱的方式来判断，故选D项。
小题2:B 细节理解题。根据第二段中所提到Farmers and peasants continued in all countries as independent groups.农民是在所有的国家中是独立的群体。这是Adam Smith所遗漏的。故选B项。
小题3:C文章的第三段Intelligent industrialists with initiative made fortunes by their wits which lifted them into an economic group far higher than that of their working-class parents指出“new rich”是指富有进取心的精明企业家赁智慧而发财的人，故 C为正确选项
小题4:A文章的第四段指出They often sent their sons and daughters to special schools to acquire social training.那些存有足够的钱让子女接受特殊的学校教育的人希望他们的孩子能提高社会地位，所以A为正确选项
小题5:B文章的最后In the twentieth century the increased taxation of higher incomes, the growth of the social services, and the wider development of educational opportunity have considerably altered the social outlook作者说明对高额收入增加税收，社会服务和教育机会的扩大，阶级差别逐渐模糊，所以B为正确选项 |
举一反三
Like many languages spoken by people, Ayapaneco is dying. Only two people in the world still speak it, and they won"t talk to each other.
Spoken in Mexico for centuries, Ayapaneco is one of 68 surviving languages in the mainly Spanish-speaking nation. The two speakers are Manuel Segovia and Isidro Velazquez. Though they live only 500 meters from each other in the village, the two men seldom talk to each other. Daniel, an American expert, who is working to make a dictionary of Ayapaneco, says the two men “don’t have a lot in common,” and that Segovia can be “active” while Velasquez tends to mind his own business and stay at home.
While Segovia still speaks to his wife and son in Ayapaneco, neither of them can manage more than a few words. Velasquez hardly speaks his native tongue any more. Daniel is working to preserve the language in dictionary form before its last surviving speakers pass away. According to Daniel, Ayapaneco and the other languages began dying out with the introduction of public Spanish education in the mid-20th century. For decades, local children weren’t allowed to speak anything else. Many people to cities, starting in the 1970s, also helped the dying out of native languages.
Ayapaneco is the name given to the language; Segovia and Velazquez call it “Nuumte Oote”, which means “true voice”. Neither man, however, speaks the same language. The dictionary will contain two versions(版本) of the language when it comes out later this year. Those behind the dictionary aren’t the only ones trying to save Ayapaneco. The National Language Institute plans to hold classes so that Segovia and Velasquez can pass on what they know to children.
It is thought that there are about 6,000 languages spoken on earth and that about half will disappear over the next 100 years. Let’s hope the “true voice” isn’t one of them.
小题1:Segovia and Velasquez seldom talk to each other in Ayapaneco because they___________________.| A．both dislike the language | | B．don’t get along well with each other | | C．are too busy to talk to each other | | D．don’t share the same interests |
小题2:Which are the main reasons why the language Ayapaneco started dying out?
a. No teacher liked to teach it. b. Local children had to speak Spanish.
c. many villagers went to live in cities. d. The surviving speakers didn’t like to use it.小题3:How does the National Language Institute try to save Ayapaneco?| A．Write a dictionary of Ayapaneco. | | B．Let Ayapaneco be taught at school. | | C．Introduce a public Ayapaneco education. | | D．Ask villagers to speak Ayapaneco. |
小题4:From the text we learn that the author____________________.| A．agrees that it is natural that Ayapaneco should die out | | B．thinks Daniel’s effort to preserve Ayapaneco won’t work | | C．thinks highly of Ayapaneco and wants people to learn it | | D．hopes that Ayapaneco will not die out in the future |
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Military training has long been considered a ritual(仪式) that freshmen must go through in order to officially start their college lives. While some question the necessity of such training. Many students see military training as a campus tradition that should be maintained.
Early in February, the Ministry of Education issued a new regulation that colleges and universities should carry out a minimum of 14 days compulsory military training for freshmen.
In a report by Beijing Evening News, Hou Zhengfang, a Beijing-based education PhD, questioned the benefits of military training. “The training routine does little to improve students’ physical fitness over only two weeks’ time. Maybe some disaster prevention training, such as earthquake survival or escaping from fires would be of greater benefit.”
Meng Yang, a 19-year-old freshman at Guangxi University, fainted during training. She said that many students, especially girls, are willing to train under direct sunshine. “For me, military training is physically challenging and even damages my health.”
According to Li Jian from the student affairs office of Guangzhou University, feeling dizzy happens frequently during military training and the school has received a lot of complaints from both students and parents: “But I still think military training is a good thing. Students are easier to manage after the military training. They became more positive about their new environment after the training.”
Although autumn is fast approaching Beijing, the noon heat burns 3300 freshmen on Tsinghua University’s campus. Chu Jinjing, a freshman majoring in medicine, did feel some discomfort while training in sweaty clothes in the glaring heat, the 18-year-old still enjoyed being part of group going through strict exercises. “By going through this tough training, students bond faster and a sense of belonging to the school can be formed. I’ve made a lot of friends already.”
According to the Ministry of Education, the purpose of military training is to teach students discipline, the spirit of teamwork and endurance. But in reality, according to Xiong Bingqi, deputy director of the 21st Century Education Research Institute, the effect is not satisfying. “Such goals require long-term development. It is unrealistic to expect military training to make a difference in only 14 days.” He thus suggests that it should be up to schools to conduct military training in a way that best suits their students.
However, Wang Wenhui, an 18-year-old freshman from Xi’an Jiaotong University, sees military training as a tradition that reaches beyond character building. “From junior and senior high school to college, we join military training to start a new journey. I would feel a bit incomplete without it.”
小题1:How many people expressing their opinions are mentioned in this passage?小题2:According to Hou Zhengfang, it seems much more beneficial to give freshmen_____________.| A．survival skills | | B．military training | | C．the spirit of teamwork and endurance | | D．strict exercises |
小题3:What is the author’s attitude towards military training? | A．Supportive | B．Subjective | C．Objective | D．Rejective |
小题4:What is the best title for the passage? | A．A Policy Made by the Ministry of Education | | B．Military Training under Fire | | C．A New Journey | | D．A Best Way to Teach Students Discipline |
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Each year on February 2nd, there is special festival called Groundhog Day (土拨鼠日 )" forecasting event in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. When it comes, people from around the world, including 5,000 in the small town today, watch this tongue-twisting(发音饶舌的) small town for a sign from one groundhog that supposedly predicts when that years" spring will arrive.
If it"s a cloudy day outside when the groundhog pops from its cave, then spring will arrive early that year. However, if it is sunny outside, the groundhog will supposedly be scared by its own shadow, hiding underground for six more weeks of cold weather.
Of course, Punxsutawney Phil"s prediction is no more able to guarantee the extended forecast than your local weatherman. ABC News reports that an analysis by the National Climate Data Center found that Phil"s predictions are more often wrong than right.
Philis is also found to have made some unpleasant predictions. Ever since 1887, he has predicted 99 extended winters and just 16 early springs .Nine of the years" predictions were unavailable, according to ABC.
The holiday began as a German tradition in 18th century and became even more of a cultural phenomenon after the 1993 film Groundhog Day starring Bill Murray.
Punxsutawney Phil has become a celebrity in his own right. Each year, the fatter animal with long teeth is watched by millions as he emerges from a cave in the town he is named after. Phil has become so beloved by the town that he actually lives in the local library with his “wife" Phyllis.
Taking inspiration from the hard state of Bill Murray’s character in the classic film, Yahoo contributor Owen Rust says Groundhog Day is a good time to reflect on one’s routines.
小题1:The underlined word “pops” means “ ”.| A．escapes | B．appears | C．increases | D．hides |
小题2:The reason why Phil"s predictions aren"t pleasing is that_____________. | A．some of the predictions were unavailable | | B．Phil wants to do that for fun | | C．Phil likes to make unpleasant predictions | | D．he has predicted more late springs |
小题3:How does Punxsutawney Phil become a celebration?| A．By an accident. | | B．From people"s life improving. | | C．By his own attractive force | | D．From much money raised by the town. |
小题4:Which does this passage mainly talk about?| A．The National Climate Data Center | | B．A German tradition | | C．A tongue-twisting small town | | D．Groundhog Day weather forecasting |
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A week ago, I had the great pleasure of reading an e-book, When Money Talks, Listen! by Rich Ezzo. It took only about an hour to read.
When I first received a copy, I thought it was a Get Rich Quick type of publication. Nothing is wrong with Get Rich Quick, but my mind just doesn’t run after dreams of wealth. I think that if God ever wants me to be rich, he knows where to find my purse.
When I began reading When Money Talks, Listen!, I was overjoyed to find that Rich Ezzo isn’t money hungry either. He, too, is hungry for more important than money.
Since I love this e-book so much, why wait a week to write the review? Simple. I wanted to see if the effect it had on me was a keeper. After reading the last word of the e-book, I totally agreed with the subtitle (副标题) which promised to forever change the way we thought about money. I had so many thoughts running around my mind that I had to install (安装) a stoplight to stop some while others made their way into the picture, then I yielded (让路) them as a few ones arrived in town. I had a mental traffic jam, which only goes to show how slow the traffic usually is.
It has been a week and the effect is the same. I truly do look at money differently and have even done a few things differently this week. This is an e-book you ‘ll want to read, I promise. I often recommend books to my daughter, and this is one that I didn’t just ”suggest”----I left it open at the bottom of the compute and told each one ,”Read it, you’ll love it “.
I would never point someone in a direction I wouldn’t go myself. I strongly advise you to visit the author’s website, Myster Money, and to download the e-book. You won’t regret it.
小题1:The author wrote this passage to _________.| A．strongly recommend an e-book | | B．show the author’s attitude to money | | C．introduce the general idea of an e-book | | D．point out Rich Ezzo isn’t money hungry |
小题2:According to the passage, a Get Rich Quick type of publication _________.| A．is more popular than e-books | | B．deals with how to make money | | C．is what the author really cares for | | D．is also an e-book written by Rich Ezzo |
小题3:Why didn’t the author write the review as soon as he finished reading the book?| A．Because he was not sure whether he did well. | | B．Because he was too excited to write anything. | | C．Because he had to wait for Rich Ezzo’s permission. | | D．Because he wondered if it would have a long influence on him. |
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People have strange ideas about food. For example, tomato is a kind of very delicious vegetable. It is one of useful plants that can be prepared in many ways. It has rich nutrition(营养) and vitamin in it. But in the 18th century, Americans never ate tomatoes. They grew them in their gardens because tomato plants are so pretty. But they thought the vegetable was poisonous(有毒的). They called tomatoes “poison apples”.
President Thomas Jefferson, however, knew that tomatoes were good to eat. He was a learned man. He had been to Paris, where he learned to love the taste of tomatoes. He grew many kinds of tomatoes in his garden. The President taught his cook a way for a cream of tomato soup. This beautiful pink soup was served at the President party. The guests thought the soup tasted really good. They never thought their president would serve his honored guests poison apples. Jefferson never spoke to his honored guests about the fact.
小题1:Tomato is a kind of ___________.| A．poisonous fruit | B．poisonous vegetable | | C．tasty fruit | D．tasty vegetable |
小题2:After you read the passage, which of the following do you think is true?| A．Americans never ate tomatoes after they began to plant them. | | B．Americans didn’t eat tomatoes before 19th century. | | C．Even now Americans don’t eat tomatoes. | | D．In the 18th century Americans ate a lot of tomatoes. |
小题3: Jefferson learned that tomatoes were good to eat ____.| A．while he was in Paris | B．when he was a little boy | | C．because his parents told him so | D．from books |
小题4:From the passage we know all the honored guests invited by Jefferson were____.| A．people from other countries | B．from France | | C．people of his own country | D．men only |
小题5:According to the passage, which of the following is NOT TRUE?| A．None of the guests knew the soup that was served at the President’s party was made of tomatoes. | | B．All of the guests thought the soup which was prepared by the President’s cook was nice. | | C．President Thomas Jefferson knew that tomatoes were good to eat and not poisonous at all. | | D．All of the guests didn’t know that their president would serve his honored guests poison apples. |
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