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The Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement In 1955, bus seats for African Americans and whites were separated in parts of the U. S.. On December 1,1955, in the city of Montgomery, Alabama, a conflict, or disagreement, started when an African American woman named Rosa Parks refused to give her bus seat to a white man and go to the back of the bus. The police took 42yearold Parks to jail. The African American community was extremely angry. They had a meeting and decided to work together to protest discrimination. They agreed to boycott(抵制) the buses on the day that Parks went to court. The day was a success. Empty buses drove through the streets. The city lost money. The community decided to continue the boycott. They elected a man named Martin Luther King, Jr. to be the leader. The boycott continued. It was difficult for African Americans to get to work without buses, but they didn"t stop the boycott. The city continued to lose money. Finally, the U. S. Supreme Court decided that Montgomery"s bus laws were unfair and gave the African American community equal right. On December 21,1956, the bus boycott ended. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. The movement eventually led to the Civil Rights Act in 1964, a set of laws that made discrimination a crime. During the Montgomery Bus Boycott, people worked together to change the government. Today, people in the U. S. continue to work together for a change. Now hundreds of organizations and community groups work to protect the rights of U. S. citizens and residents. 1. How is the situation for the black in the U. S. in 1955? A. They were treated equally. B. They were treated unfairly. C. They had no rights to take a bus. D. They were not allowed to take the same bus with the white. 2. What is the cause of the Civil Rights Movement? A. Bus seats for African Americans and white were separated in parts of the U. S. B. Rosa Parks was sent to jail for she refused to give her bus seat to a white man. C. The African American community had a meeting to protest discrimination. D. A man named Martin Luther King, Jr. was elected to be the leader. 3. How long did the boycott continue? A. Less than a year. B. Less than a month. C. More than a year. D. More than a month. 4. How did the black people fight for the civil rights? A. By refusing to take buses. B. By refusing to talk to the white. C. Through fights with the white people. D. By doing nothing. 5. What is the final result of the Civil Rights Movement? A. The U. S. Supreme Court decided that Montgomery"s bus laws were unfair and gave the African American community equal right. B. They elected a man named Martin Luther King, Jr. to be the leader. C. Black people and white people can take the same bus. D. The movement eventually led to the Civil Rights Act in 1964, a set of laws that made discrimination a crime. |
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Adam Smith, writing in the 1770s, was the first person to see the importance of the division of labour and to explain part of its advantages. He gives us an example the process by which pins were made in England. "One man draws out the wire, another strengthens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds(磨光滑) it at the top to prepare it to receive the head. To make the head requires two or three distinct operations. To put it on is a separate operation, to polish the pins is another. And the important business of making pins is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them. " "Ten men, " Smith said, "in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4,800 pins a piece. But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labour, they certainly could not turn out any pin, each of them would have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one." There can be no doubt that division of labour is a way of organising work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this but it"s a pity he also took it for granted that division of labour is in itself responsible for economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still. But division of labour adds nothing new;it only enables people to produce more of what they already have. 1. According to the passage, Adam Smith was the first person to ________. A. take advantage of the division of labour B. understand the effects of the division of labour C. explain the causes of the division of labour D. introduce the division of labour into England 2. Adam Smith saw that the division of labour ________. A. enabled each worker to make pins more quickly and more cheaply B. increased the number of people employed in factories C. increased the possible output per worker D. improved the quality of pins produced 3. Adam Smith mentioned the number 4,800 in order to ________. A. show the advantages of the division of labour B. emphasize how powerful the individual worker was C. show the advantages of the old craft system D. emphasize the importance of increased production 4. According to the writer, Adam Smith"s mistake was in believing that division of labour ________. A. certainly led to economic development B. was a good way of organising work C. increased the production of existing goods D. was an important development in methods of production 5. Which of the following could serve as an appropriate title for the passage? A. The Theory of Division of Labour B. Adam Smith as the Discoverer of Division of Labour C. Adam Smith, the English Economist D. Division of Labour, a Good Way of Organizing Work |
The results of LIT CRIT magazine"s poll (民意测验) to find the greatest American authors of all time. Top five most popular biographical details. ① Mark Twain 1835 — 1910 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A boy travels down the Mississippi with a runaway slave. Real name: Samuel Clements. He was a printer and a river-boat pilot before moving to San Francisco to work as a reporter. He traveled widely, and the expectations of his world tour are recorded in The Innocents Abroad. ② Herman Melville1809 —1891 Moby DickStory Of a sea captain fascinated with finding a famous white whale. After working as a teacher and a farmhand, in1839 he went to sea and joined the U. S. Navy. His books reflect his life at sea and his thoughts on faith and God. During his life, he was more famous in Great Britain than in the U. S. ③ Ernest Hemingway 1899 — 1961 For Whom the Bell Tolls Based on the writer"s experiences as a reporter in the Spanish Civil War. Best known for his novels, but it was his short stories that first attracted attention. He wrote about hard men (bullfighters, boxers, hard-drinkers) and showed how courage and honesty are often lost in a modern society without hope and faith. ④ F. Scott Fitzgerald 1896 —1940 Tender is the Night Moving stories of a psychiatrist (精神病医师) and his wife that reflects the writer"s own marriage to Zelda. The author of The Great Gatsby wrote his first story for a school paper at the age of 13. He travelled widely and made vacations on the French Riviera. His problems with alcohol and depression are described in The Crack-up. |
1. What is the name of the author who once worked on a farm? |
A. Mark Twain B. Herman Melville C. F. Scott Fitzgerald D. Ernest Hemingway |
2. What is the title of the book about an author"s experiences in Spain? |
A. Moby Dick. B. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn C. For Whom the Bell Tolls. D. Tender is the Night. |
3. What is the most popular book by the writer of The Innocents Abroad? |
A. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. B. Tender is the Night C. Moby Dick. D. For Whom the Bell Tolls. |
4. Which writer wrote his first story for a school paper? |
A. Edgar Allen Poe B. Herman Melville C. Ernest Hemingway D.F. Scott Fitzgerald |