Air pollution by sources ranging from cooking fires to auto fumes contributed to

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Air pollution by sources ranging from cooking fires to auto fumes contributed to

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Air pollution by sources ranging from cooking fires to auto fumes contributed to an estimated seven million deaths worldwide in 2012, the UN health agency has said.
"Air pollution, and we"re talking about both indoors and outdoors, is now the biggest environmental health problem, and it is affecting everyone, both developed and developing countries," said Maria Neira, the World Health Organisation"s public and environmental health chief.
Globally, pollution was linked to one death in eight in 2012, new WHO research found.
The biggest pollution-related killers were heart disease, stroke, pulmonary disease and lung cancer.
The hardest-hit regions of the globe were what the WHO labels Southeast Asia, which includes India and Indonesia, and the Western Pacific, ranging from China and South Korea to Japan and the Philippines. Together, they accounted for 5.9 million deaths.
The global death toll included 4.3 million deaths due to indoor air pollution, chiefly caused by cooking over coal, wood and biomass stoves. The toll from outdoor pollution was 3.7 million, with sources ranging from coal heating fires to diesel engines.
Many people are exposed to both indoor and outdoor pollution, the WHO said, and due to that overlap the separate death toll attributed to the two sources cannot simply be added together, hence the figure of seven million deaths. The new figure is "shocking and worrying", Ms Neira told reporters.
When it last released an estimate for deaths related to air pollution, in 2008, the agency had put the figure related to outdoor pollution at 1.3 million, while the number blamed on indoor pollution was 1.9 million. But a change in research methods makes comparison difficult between the 2008 estimate and the 2012 figures, Neira said.
In the past, for example, the WHO did not take into account the overlap between exposure to both forms, and only assessed urban pollution. Satellite imagery has made it easier to assess rural pollution, and new knowledge about the health impact of exposure has enabled a better count. "The risks from air pollution are now far greater than previously thought or understood, particularly for heart disease and strokes," said Neira.  "Few risks have a greater impact on global health today than air pollution. The evidence signals the need for concerted action to clean up the air we all breathe."
According to the WHO, some 2.9 billion people in poor nations live in homes that use fires as their principle method of cooking and heating. Carlos Dora, the WHO"s public and environmental health coordinator, said that turned homes into "combustion chambers". Simple measures to stem the impact include so-called "clean cook stoves", which are a low-tech option, as well as improved ventilation, he said.
Countries also need to rethink policies, Mr Dora said, pointing to the impact in the developed world of a shift to cleaner power sources, more efficient management of energy demand, and technical strides in the auto industry. He also said transport policies needed a shake-up. With air pollution having sparked a recent scare in France, leading to restrictions on car use and the temporary scrapping of public transport fees in Paris, Mr Dora said such measures could be applied in the longer term. "You can"t buy clean air in a bottle," he said."The air is a shared resource. In order to breathe clean air, we have to have interventions in the areas that pollute air." The WHO said it planned by the end of this year to release a ranking of the world"s 1,600 most polluted cities.
小题1:The main idea of this article is that          .
A．In the past, the WHO did not take into account the overlap between exposure to both forms.
B．Air pollution by sources ranging from cooking fires to auto fumes caused an estimated seven million deaths worldwide in 2012.
C．According to the WHO, some 2.9 billion people use fires as their principle method of cooking and heating.
D．The WHO will release a ranking of the world"s 1,600 most polluted cities by the end of this year.
小题2:The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “         ”..
A．The risks
B．cooking fires
C．environmental health problem
D．Air pollution
小题3:Which of the following is True according to the passage? .
A．The biggest pollution-related killers were heart disease, stroke, pulmonary disease and lung cancer.
B．Air pollution only affects developing countries.
C．The risks from air pollution are now not serious.
D．Maria Neira said that we can"t buy clean air in a bottle.
小题4:What is main idea of the last paragraph?
A．The air is a our shared resource.
B．The WHO will release a ranking of the world"s 1,600 most polluted cities.
C．The government should make effective policies to control the air pollution.
D．The transport policies need a shake-up.
小题5:The death toll in 2008 can hardly compare with that in 2012 because________.
A．the death toll included 4.3 million deaths due to indoor air pollution.
B．in 2008 the WHO only assessed rural pollution.
C．the research methods changed.
D．the risks from air pollution are now far greater than previously thought.

答案

小题1:B
小题2:D
小题3:A
小题4:C
小题5:C
解析

试题分析：本文主要讲了世界卫生组织表示，据估计由于油烟与汽车尾气引起的空气污染在2012年导致了全世界700万人死亡。
小题1:主旨题：根据第一段Air pollution by sources ranging from cooking fires to auto fumes contributed to an estimated seven million deaths worldwide in 2012, the UN health agency has said.可知本文主要讲了世界卫生组织表示，据估计由于油烟与汽车尾气引起的空气污染在2012年导致了全世界700万人死亡。这是文章的主旨。故选B。
小题2:推理题：根据Air pollution, and we"re talking about both indoors and outdoors, is now the biggest environmental health problem, and it is affecting everyone, both developed and developing countries可知这里想说空气污染影响着每一个人，包括发达国家和发展中国家，所以“it”指代的是空气污染。故选D。
小题3:细节题：根据The biggest pollution-related killers were heart disease, stroke, pulmonary disease and lung cancer.可知A的描述准确，故选A。
小题4:考查主旨要义。根据文章最后一段中的Countries also need to rethink policies, Mr Dora said, pointing to the impact in the developed world of a shift to cleaner power sources, more efficient management of energy demand, and technical strides in the auto industry.可知，本段大意是：国家政府应该采取有效措施控制污染。故选C。
小题5:考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第五段中的But a change in research methods makes comparison difficult between the 2008 estimate and the 2012 figures可知，两个数据很难比较的原因是研究的方法改变了。故选C。
举一反三
Every year in late April, students at Renmin University of China become the subjects of admiration and jealousy of their peers on other campuses in Beijing. Why? Because they get a week off in the middle of term, the so-called spring break.
“It’s been a unique tradition of our school for a decade,” said Wang Yueran, 20, a journalism major at Renmin University, who organized a weeklong trip to Sichuan with 12 classmates last year.
But having fun is just one dimension of the spring break. Field trips, voluntary work, and social projects are all on students’ to-do lists. Experts say the spring break is not just for students to enjoy a few days off, but for them to gain new experiences beyond the campus walls.
Push them out
The traditional Chinese belief of the exploration of knowledge and truth emphasizes “reading 10,000 books and traveling 10,000 miles”, which indicates the importance of experience as much as theory. But while Chinese universities have the tradition of spring outings, what’s the benefit of making spring break an institution?
Qin Jianguo, of the student affairs office at Shenzhen University, thinks the idea of the spring break in some universities in China comes from the intention of pushing students out of the ivory tower to experience more diversity in their lives.
“Take traveling for example. A week traveling is a very different experience to a one- or two-day outing,” said Qin. “Students are expected to acquire the spirit of teamwork and compromise, and learn survival and communication skills when put out there in an unfamiliar context.”
Diverse approaches
Many countries have similar vacations in the middle of the semester for students to do things out of their own interest. Taking Japan as an example, instead of partying like their US counterparts, many Japanese students choose to work as interns or engage in study-related projects.
“The spring break is an opportunity for many of our students to put their learning to use,” said Hiroshi Kanno, dean of the Graduate School of International Corporate Strategy at Hitotsubashi University, in the school’s description of a recent spring break project.
As for Chinese students who take a week off around the Labor Day holiday, many tend to do volunteer work. Duan Zhipeng, a 22-year-old economics major at Renmin University, applied for a project to go back to his hometown in Jiangxi province to introduce his university’s enrollment policies and campus culture to local high school students.
Not a trend yet
Apart from Renmin University, only a few other universities, such as Yantai University, have a spring break for their students. The concept in China is still far from the culture and norms built around it in the US.
Wei Xiang, a professor specializing in holiday economics at Beijing International Studies University, said that the spring break is a good experiment for universities to make study schedules smoother in order to give students more options to arrange their own leisure and study activities.
小题1:According to the text, up to now, Apart from Renmin University, which University has a spring break for their students. 
A．Yantai University
B．Peking University
C．Suzhou University
D．Nankai University
小题2:The underlined word “it” refers to ______
A．field tripsB．exploration of knowledge
C．spring breakD．ivory tower
小题3:According to the passage,why do the students in the other universities admire the students at Renmin University?
A．Because they tend to do volunteer work.
B．Because they go home to meet their relatives.
C．Because they get a spring break.
D．Because they have lesser courses .
小题4:Which of the following is the best title?
A．Reading 10,000 books and traveling 10,000 miles
B．Spring break expands horizons
C．Enjoy yourselves
D．A weeklong trip
小题5:Which of the following is Not true according to the passage?
A．Spring break can help students to gain new experiences beyond the campus walls.
B．Students are expected to acquire the spirit of teamwork through pring break.
C．Spring break can help students tolearn survival and communication skills when in an unfamiliar context.
D．Spring break is not common in the US.

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Among rich countries, people in the United States work the longest hours. They work much longer than in Europe. This difference is quite surprising because productivity(生产力) per hour worked is the same in the United States as it is in France, Spain and Germany, and it is growing at a similar speed.
In most countries and at most times in history, as people have become richer they have chosen to work less. In other words they have decided to “spend” a part of their extra income on a fuller personal life. Over the last fifty years Europeans have continued this pattern, and hours of work have fallen sharply. But not in the United States. We do not fully know why this is. One reason may be greatly lower taxes in America, which increase the rewards to work. Another may be more satisfying work, or less satisfying personal lives.
Longer hours do of course increase the GDP(国内生产总值). So the United States has produced more per worker than, say, France. The United States also has more of its people at work, while in France many more mothers and older workers have decided to stay at home. The overall result is that American GDP per head is 40% higher than in France, even though productivity per hour worked is the same.
It is not clear which of the two situations is better. As we have seen, work has to be compared with other values like family life, which often get lost in its interest. It is too early to explain the different trends（趋势）in happiness over time in different countries. But it is a disappointing idea that in the United States happiness has made no progress since 1975, while it has risen in Europe. Could this have anything to do with trends in the work-life balance?
小题1:Which of the following countries has more of its people at work?
A．Spain.B．France.C．Germany.D．America.
小题2:What message can we get from the text?
A．The GDP of Europe is higher than that of America.
B．Two possible reasons are given for working longer hours in the US.
C．People all over the world choose to work less when they are richer.
D．Americans are happier than Europeans.
小题3:Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A．Americans and Europeans
B．Staying at Home
C．Work and Productivity
D．Work and Happiness

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Shakespeare once called the English countryside “the precious stone set in the silver sea”- and he is not the last to sing high praises of its beauty and historical charm(魅力).
The countryside is particularly beautiful during the summer, especially in August and September. As one travels the countryside, you’ll find more of its treasures: so many plants and animals, romantic castles(浪漫的城堡), secret gardens, and villages so unchanged in the last decades that they seem to have been caught under a fairy’ s spell.
Must-sees include Derbyshire, called “the heart of England” and home to the National Park. The great peaks were the muse（创作灵感）of the Bronte sisters (and if you love the book Jane Eyre, you can visit North Lees hall, where the real Eyre family once lived).
History lovers will enjoy a visit to Lincoln city (its most famous son is Lord Alfred Tennyson). It is also known for its cathedral(大教堂), the charming tea shops, a small castle. One would never guess its violent past—built by Romans, it was once a center for arrow(箭) making.
Harry Potter fans shouldn’t miss a visit to Alnwick, which is better recognized as the “Hogswarth” in the movies.
Let’s not leave out the Wessex region, where one can see one of England’s greatest mysteries, Stone Henge. You can also go to the City of Bath, which has been famous for its medicines springs since the Roman times. Other popular tractions include Salisbury Cathedral, and landscaped(景色优美的) gardens of Stourhead, and the cobbled(用鹅卵石铺的) streets of Shaftesbury. This is also home to Oxford, one of the world’s most famous universities.
Art lovers will also like a visit to East Anglia, whose landscapes inspired the painter Constable (he was born in Dedham village). This is also home of the University City of Cambridge, and the famous architectural(建筑上的) attraction, King’s College Chapel. Be sure to visit the aircraft museum of Duxford.
小题1:What was Shakespeare’s attitude towards the English countryside?
A．Uninterested.B．Dissatisfied(不满意的).
C．Surprised.D．Admiring.
小题2:According to the text, Lincoln city________.
A．produced arrows in the past
B．will be enjoyed by music lovers
C．was the place where the Eyre family once lived
D．has one of the world’ s most famous universities
小题3:When traveling in the countryside, Harry Potter fans are advised to visit ________.
A．the Wessex region B．Derbyshire C．YorkshireD．Alnwick
小题4:The text is most probably taken from ________.
A．a travel guide
B．a book review(书评)
C．a history paper
D．a newspaper report

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案
阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Brother Michael and Chris were born in the early 1960s and grew up in a black neighborhood in Richmond, California. Both boys were       in the primary school and brought home mostly A’s on their report cards.
But in a black family with eight children, money was always      , so the two growing boys often went      . They turned to stealing. They stole cookies from the grocery store and bread from the      . They even stole money from their parents to feed.
At the end of his first year in high school, Chris received three A’s and       F’s on his report card --- the first time he had       anything in school. Because Kennedy High School only allowed three failures       four years, one more F and Chris would be kicked out of school. That’s when he made up his mind to      .
Chris made every effort to become       in school. After Chris graduated from college, he worked as a prosecutor(检察官),       criminals, drug dealers, and gang members. Today Chris is famous as one of the       prosecutors in the trial of the century, the O.J. Simpson trial!
That decision to change took him in an entirely       direction from his brother Michael, who       changing his bad behavior. After high school, Michael continued his anti-social      ---fighting in the streets, taking       and stealing. At the age of 42, Michael Darden died from AIDS.
This story       us that what we become is determined by the       we make. We can choose to get       or we can choose to get worse. Chris changed. He changed from being a criminal to prosecuting criminals. His brother Michael, on the other hand, was changed. He was changed by       drugs…and finally, he was changed by a deadly disease. Chris made the right choices. He made the changes in his life that helped him       his great dreams.
小题1:
A．well- behavedB．well-dressedC．well-knownD．well- informed
小题2:
A．plentifulB．looseC．commonD．tight
小题3:
A．madB．wrongC．hungryD．bad
小题4:
A．chemist’sB．baker’s C．doctor’sD．barber’s
小题5:
A．twoB．threeC．fourD．five
小题6:
A．obtainedB．failed C．passedD．missed
小题7:
A．beyondB．byC．overD．above
小题8:
A．stealB．respondC．standD．change
小题9:
A．outstandingB．friendlyC．powerfulD．outgoing
小题10:
A．treatingB．savingC．questioningD．punishing
小题11:
A．leading B．workingC．actingD．performing
小题12:
A．similarB．differentC．newD．strange
小题13:
A．preferredB．resisted C．admittedD．appreciated
小题14:
A．habitsB．signsC．behaviors D．manners
小题15:
A．drugsB．actionsC．busesD．pills
小题16:
A．persuadesB．warnsC．convinces D．wishes
小题17:
A．choices B．friendsC．promisesD．efforts
小题18:
A．tallerB．cleanerC．happierD．better
小题19:
A．illegal B．usefulC．harmlessD．lawful
小题20:
A．destroyB．formC．accomplishD．approach

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Most people are aware of what the adoption process is because it has become rather common in our society. Adoption is where a child is legally placed with guardians (监护人) or parents (or perhaps a single parent) other than the birth mother or father. Once an adoption is finalized, all parental rights are turned over to the adoptive parents and there is no legal difference between adoptive parents and natural birth parents. There are generally two types of adoption, which are closed adoption and open adoption.
When an adopted person has access to his or her adoption file and original records, it is referred to as an open adoption. The term is also used to describe any contact that may be between the adoptive family, the birth parents, and the adopted child. The level of openness can change greatly in such contact depending on each individual relationship. There can be indirect contact between the natural birth parents and the child through the form of letters and photographs, or there can be actual physical contact.
A semi-open adoption is where the birth parents may have contact with the adoptive parents before the birth of the child, either once or several times. After the birth there is no more contact. A semi-open adoption may remain as it is or it can become either open or closed.
A closed adoption is where only the medical and historical information about the biological parents is given to the adoptive family. Typically, the birth and adoptive parents do not know each other’s identities. The record of the birth parents is kept sealed (密封). A closed adoption is usually only effective in the adoption of babies. The adoption of an older child who already knows his or her birth parents cannot be kept closed.
小题1:How many adoption types are mentioned in the passage?
A．2.B．3.C．4.D．5.
小题2:Which of the following statements is TRUE about the closed adoption?
A．The birth parents may have indirect contact with the adoptive parents.
B．The biological parents may often go to see their birth child.
C．No information about the biological parents is given to the adoptive parents.
D．Generally speaking, the adoptive parents do not know the birth parents’ identities.
小题3:Suppose someone adopts a child and his biological parents often get contact with the child by telephone. We can call this adoption _____.
A．a closed adoptionB．an open adoption
C．a semi-open adoptionD．a semi-closed adoption
小题4:From the passage, we know adoption is _____.
A．where a child is brought up by the government
B．where a child is legally sent abroad by the birth parents
C．where a child is legally placed with adoptive parents
D．where a child is sent to live with the children whose parents have died

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