Malaria, the world"s most widespread parasitic(寄生虫引起的) disease, kills as many as
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Malaria, the world"s most widespread parasitic(寄生虫引起的) disease, kills as many as three million people every year—almost all of whom are under five, very poor, and African. In most years, more than five hundred million cases of illness result from the disease, although exact numbers are difficult to assess because many people don"t (or can"t) seek care. It is not unusual for a family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malaria treatment, and what they often get no longer works. In countries like Tanzania, Mozambique, and the Gambia, no family, village, hospital, or workplace can remain unaffected for long.
Malaria starts suddenly, with violent chills, which are soon followed by an intense fever and, often, headaches. As the parasites multiply, they take over the entire body. Malaria parasites live by eating the red blood cells they infect. They can also attach themselves to blood vessels in the brain. If it doesn"t kill you, malaria can happen again and again for years. The disease passed on to humans by female mosquitoes infected with one of four species of parasite. Together, the mosquito and the parasite are the most deadly couple in the history of the earth—and one of the most successful. Malaria has five thousand genes, and its ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control. Studies show that mosquitoes are passing on the virus more frequently, and there are more outbreaks in cities with large populations. Some of the disease"s spread is due to global warming.
For decades, the first-choice treatment for malaria parasites in Africa has been chloroquine, a chemical which is very cheap and easy to make. Unfortunately, in most parts of the world, malaria parasites have become resistant to it. Successful alternatives that help prevent resistance are already available, but they have been in short supply and are very expensive. If these drugs should fail, nobody knows what would come next.
小题1:According to paragraph 1, many people don"t seek care because___.| A．they can remain unaffected for long | | B．it is unusual to seek care | | C．they are too poor | | D．there are too many people suffering from the disease |
小题2:People suffering from malaria___.| A．have to kill female mosquitoes | | B．have ability to defend parasites | | C．have their red blood cells infected | | D．have sudden fever, followed by chills |
小题3:Which of the following may be the reason for the wide spread of the disease?| A．Its outbreaks in cities with large populations. | | B．Its ability to pass on the virus frequently. | | C．Its resistance to global warming. | | D．Its ability to defend itself and resist new drugs. |
小题4:It can be inferred from the passage that___.| A．no drugs have been found to treat the disease | | B．the alternative treatment is not easily available to most people | | C．malaria has developed its ability to resist parasites | | D．nobody knows what will be the drug to treat the disease |
小题5:Which of the following questions has NOT been discussed in the passage?| A．How can we know one is suffering from malaria? | | B．How many people are killed by malaria each year? | | C．Why are there so many people suffering from malaria? | | D．What has been done to keep people unaffected for long? |
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答案
小题1:C
小题2:C
小题3:D
小题4:B
小题5:D |
解析
试题分析：文章介绍痢疾对人的健康的危害，分析人们患疟疾的原因，疟疾广泛传染的原因和痢疾的治疗方法。
小题1:推断细节题。根据第一段中的“It is not unusual for a family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malaria treatment,and what they often get no longer works.”可判断出许多人不进行治疗的原因是他们太穷，没有钱治疗疟疾。选C。
小题2:细节题。根据第二段中的“Malaria parasites live by eating the red blood cells they infect.”可判断出人们患疟疾的原因是他们的红血球受到了感染。选C。
小题3:细节题。根据第二段中的“Malaria has five thousand genes,and its ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control.”可判断出疟疾广泛传染的原因是它有保护自己和抵抗新药的能力。选D。
小题4:细节推断题。根据最后一段中的“Successful alternatives that help prevent resistance are already available,but they have been in short supply and are very expensive.”可推断出由于新的治疗疟疾的药物缺乏并且很贵，所以大多数人不能用新的治疗方法治疗。选B。
小题5:正误判断题。根据短文的内容可判断出短文没有涉及“做什么来使人们长时间不感染？”选D。 |
举一反三
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, the attitudes to dirt are always changing.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, and washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief above was longlived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many firsttime parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.
小题1:The kings of France and England in the 16th century closed bath houses because ________.| A．they believed disease could be spread in public baths | | B．they thought bath houses were too dirty to stay in | | C．they lived healthily in a dirty environment | | D．they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease |
小题2:Which of the following best describes Henry IV"s attitude to bathing?| A．Approving. | B．Afraid. | C．Curious. | D．Uninterested. |
小题3:How does the passage mainly develop?| A．By providing examples. | | B．By making comparisons. | | C．By following the order of importance. | | D．By following the order of time. |
小题4: What is the author"s purpose in writing the passage?| A．To stress the role of dirt. | | B．To introduce the history of dirt. | | C．To present the change of views on dirt. | | D．To call attention to the danger of dirt. |
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Risk of death is 3.5 to 5 times greater for obese (肥胖的) smokers than it is for people who have never smoked and are at a normal weight, according to a study published in the November, 2006 issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine.
The study, which began with a self-administered questionnaire taken between 1983 and 1989, asked more than 80,000 radiologic technologists aged 22 to 92 questions about age, height, weight and smoking behavior.
BMI (body mass index) was calculated, with a BMI of 30 to 34.9 being considered obese, and 35 and over being very obese. Smoking behavior was analyzed by looking at a person"s tobacco consumption level, number of years smoked, and current smoking status. Researchers then followed participants through December of 2002, noting the number of deaths that occurred.
The study involved researchers from the National Cancer Institute, the University of Minnesota and the American Registry of Radiolegic Technologists.
Key Findings:
20 percent of obese adults in the United States smoke.
Obese smokers face a greater risk of death from cancer and circulatory disease.
Current smoking is a greater risk factor for death by cancer than obesity is, generally speaking.
The higher a person"s pack-years (number of packs smoked per day times the number of years smoked) are, the greater the risk of death.
Men and women of all ages faced an elevated risk of death due to circulatory disease as BMI increased. And for those who were both obese and currently smoking, risk of circulatory disease increased 6 to 11 times under the age of 65, as compared to their never-smoking, normal weight counterparts.
While it"s not surprising that obesity coupled with smoking is a recipe for trouble, it is important to highlight this growing health concern in America today.
Taking Charge of Your Health
Making healthy choices can be difficult when we"re constantly exposed to products that are dangerous to our health, but it"s not impossible. With education and some motivation, we all have the ability to make lasting changes for the better. If you"re an overweight smoker worried about gaining weight due to quitting, take heart. It"s never too late to change your course and even reduce damage to some extent.
小题1:60. What is the American Journal of Preventive Medicine?| A．An medical institute. | B．A research center. | | C．A medical magazine | D．A TV station |
小题2:Which of the following is true according to the text?| A．Obese smokers are less likely to suffer from cancer. | | B．Obese smokers are more likely to suffer from cancer. | | C．Obese smokers tend to gain fewer body mass index. | | D．Obese smokers tend to get heavier than those who never smoke. |
小题3:According to the author, it is ________ to get rid of smoking.| A．easy and possible | B．difficult and impossible | | C．easy ant worthwhile | D．difficult but worthwhile |
小题4:What is the purpose of the text?| A．To inform the readers of the findings about obese smoking. | | B．To warn the readers of the danger of obese smoking. | | C．To tell us what obese smoking is. | | D．To call on the obese smokers to quit smoking. |
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Researchers in London and Bristol have found that men are particularly likely to yield to depression if their partners are also depressed.
The finding highlights the importance of paying attention to the partners of depressed mothers, as young children themselves are vulnerable (容易受伤的) to social problems if both parents are depressed.
Researchers in London and at the University of Bristol launched their study to investigate whether family structure affects the likelihood of depression in men around the time their child is born. They looked at men from traditional families, men with children from a previous relationship, men whose partners had children by a former partner, and men who were not living with their partners.
All 7,108 participants filled out a questionnaire on depression, and answered questions about their age, education level and employment status. Details about the quality of their relationships with their partners, networks of friends and previous life events were also recorded.
About 3.5 percent of the men and 13 percent of their partners suffered depression around the time their child was born. While men in stepfamilies or who were not living with their partners were twice as likely to get depressed as those in traditional families, this could be explained by other factors that are more common in nontraditional families, such as poor education and relationship conflicts.
Even allowing for all these factors, however, the partners of women who were suffering from prenatal (围产期的) depression were significantly more likely to become depressed themselves, the researchers report in an American journal. Ten percent of women who were depressed had depressed partners. For the healthy women, the figure was only 2.6 percent.
Previous research suggests that families with two depressed parents may need special attention. A researcher in Atlanta has found that primary school children with two troubled parents have difficulty relating to their peers. “It’s extremely important to look at the whole family.” she says.
小题1:What can we conclude from the first two paragraphs of this passage?| A．Men often beat their children. | | B．Depressed women often have depressed partners. | | C．All young children are vulnerable to social problems. | | D．Women with children often have depressed partners. |
小题2:Why did researchers in London and Bristol carry out such an investigation?| A．To see what kind of family environment is ideal for children to grow up in. | | B．To study whether family structure affects depression in men when their child is born. | | C．To investigate why so many men get depressed when a child is born. | | D．To see whether it is true that behind every depressed man there is a depressed woman. |
小题3:What kind of men is least likely to get depressed when their child was born?| A．Men in stepfamilies. | | B．Men who were not living with their partners. | | C．Men in traditional families. | | D．Men in nontraditional families. |
小题4:According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?| A．Ten percent of women who were depressed had depressed partners. | | B．2.6 percent of healthy women were depressed. | | C．Special attention should be paid to families in which both the father and the mother were depressed. | | D．Primary school children whose parents were both depressed couldn’t get along well withtheir peers. |
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Feel tired lately? Has a doctor said he can’t find anything wrong with you? Perhaps he sent you to a hospital, but all the advanced equipment there shows that there is nothing wrong with you.
Then , consider this: you might be in a state of sub - health （亚健康）.
Sub - health, also called the third state or gray state, is explained as a borderline state between health and disease.
According to the survey by the National Health Organization, Over 45 percent of sub - healthy people are middle-aged or elderly. The percentage is even higher among people who work in management positions as well as students around exam week.
Symptoms （征兆）include a shortage of energy, depression, slow reactions, insomnia （失眠）and poor memory , Other symptoms include shortness of breath, sweating and aching in the waist and legs.
The key to preventing and recovering from sub - health, according to some medical experts, is to form good living habits, ale mate work and rest, exercise regularly, and take part in open air activities.
As for meals, people are advised to eat less salt and sugar . They should also eat more fresh vegetables, fruits, fish because they are rich in nutritional elements - vitamins and trace elements - that are important to the body.
Nutrition experts point out that it is not good to eat too much at one meal because it may cause unhealthy changes in the digestive tract （消化道）. They also say that a balanced diet is very helpful in avoiding sub - health.
小题1:When you are in a state of sub - health, you should________.| A．stay home and keep silent | | B．go to a doctor and buy some medicine | | C．not consider it very serious | | D．find out the reasons and relax yourself |
小题2:Middle - aged people may be easy to get sub - healthy because________.| A．they have used up their energy | | B．they have lost their living hopes | | C．they have more pressure in life and work. | | D．they have changed their way of life |
小题3:The key to preventing you from falling into a state of sub health is to________.| A．keep on working regularly | B．go to sleep a bit earlier | | C．form good living habits | D．take medicine if necessary |
小题4:As for food, experts suggested that________.| A．we should never eat meat | | B．we should have variety of food | | C．we should eat less than usual | | D．we should have meals without sugar |
小题5:The underlined word “alternate” in this passage is closest in meaning to________| A．arrange by turns | B．cause to take place | | C．make up for | D．keep away from |
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Our risk of cancer rises rapidly as we age. So it makes sense that the elderly should be routinely screened for new tumors (肿瘤) or doesn’t it?
While such tracking of cancer is a good thing in general, researchers are increasingly questioning whether all of this testing is necessary for the elderly. With the percentage of people over age 65 expected to nearly double by 2050, it s important to weigh the health benefits of screening against the risks and costs of routine testing.
In many cases, screening can lead to additional examinations and operations to remove cancer, which can cause side effects, while the cancers themselves may be slow-growing and may not cause serious health problems in patients’ remaining years. But the message that everyone must screen for cancer has become so ingrained (根深蒂固的) that when health care experts recommended that women under 50 and over 74 stop screening for breast cancer, it caused a noisy reaction among doctors, patients and social groups.
It’s hard to uproot deeply-held beliefs about cancer screening with scientific data. Certainly, there are people over age 75 who have had cancers detected by routine screening, and gained several extra years of life because of treatment. And clearly, people over age 75 who have other risk factors for cancer, such as a family history or previous personal experience with the disease, should continue to get screened regularly. But for the rest, the risk of cancer, while increased at the end of life, must be balanced with other factors like remaining life expectancy.
A recent study suggests that doctors start to make more objective decisions about who will truly benefit from screening—especially considering the explosion of the elderly.
It’s not an easy calculation to make, but one that makes sense for patients. Dr. Otis Brawley said, “Many doctors are ordering these tests purely to cover themselves from medical disputes. We need to think about the wise use of health care, which means making some difficult decisions with elderly patients, and going against the misguided belief that when it comes to health care, more is always better.”
小题1:Routine cancer screening for the elderly people makes sense because ______. | A．it is believed to contribute to a long life | | B．it is part of their health care package | | C．they are more sensitive about the health | | D．they are in greater danger of tumor growth |
小题2:How do some researchers now look at routine cancer screening for the elderly?| A．It adds too much to their medical bills. | | B．They are doubtful about necessity. | | C．It helps increase their life expectancy. | | D．They think it does more harm than good. |
小题3:What is the traditional view about women screening for breast cancer?| A．It is a must for adult women. | | B．It applies to women over 50. | | C．It is intended for young women. | | D．It doesn’t apply to women over |
小题4:Why do many doctors advise routine screening for cancer?| A．They want to take advantage of the medical care system. | | B．They want to protect themselves against medical disputes. | | C．They want data for medical research. | | D．They want their patients to suffer less. |
小题5:What does the writer say is the general view about health care?| A．Better care, longer life. | | B．Prevention is better than cure. | | C．Better early than late. | | D．The more, the better. |
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