A cheap drug that can stop bleeding in people recently injured in an accident co
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A cheap drug that can stop bleeding in people recently injured in an accident could potentially save the lives of tens of thousands worldwide, a new study says.
Researchers studied the effects of tranexamic acid （凝血酸）, or TXA, in more than 10,000 injured people in 40 countries who received the drug within 8 hours of being injured. The study was published in the medical journal Lancet. Doctors found that patients who got TXA had a 15percent lower chance of dying from hemorrhage than those who didn’t get it . They also had a 10 percent lower chance of dying from any other cause, including organ failure and a head injury. The study was paid for by the British government.
The drug is commonly used in wealthy countries during elective surgeries(外科手术) to stop bleeding , but isn’t used for accident victims. TXA is off-patent and made by many companies. It costs about $4.5 per gram, and a typical dose is two grams. It is usually given via an injection（注射） and would be relatively easy to introduce, even in poor countries, experts said.
Previous tests of the drug regarded its use in elective surgeries, such as heart operations, but this was the first study to test the drug on accident victims. Doctors were worried it might increase side effects such as blood clots （凝块）in the heart and lungs, strokes, or heart attacks. There was no evidence of that in the Lancet study, though the authors said it was possible they might have missed some of these incidents.
For people between 5 and 45, accidents are the second leading cause of death worldwide after AIDS, and about 600,000 injured patients bleed to death every year. Experts estimated that if TXA were readily available, between 70,000 and 100,000 lives a year could be saved. Though the drug wasn’t tested on children , experts said it would almost certainly work with them as well.
小题1:The underlined word” hemorrhage” in Paragraph 2 probably means ________| A．serious illness | B．heart disease | C．heavy bleeding | D．lack of drug |
小题2:What can we learn about TXA from the passage?| A．It can only be made in England | B．It was only used in operations before | | C．It is a patented drug | D．It is mainly used in poor countries |
小题3:Doctors were worried about using TXA because ________| A．a lot of patients died unexpectedly after using it | | B．it has no treatment effect on patients | | C．it can cause blood clots or stroke | | D．they hadn’t used it on accident victims before |
小题4: What do we know from the last paragraph?| A．It is a pity that TXA wasn’t widely used on injured patients before | | B．Tests have proved that TXA can be used on children | | C．People between 5 and 45 should be injected with TXA every year | | D．Accidents are the first leading cause of death worldwide. |
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答案
小题1:C
小题1:B
小题1:D
小题1:A |
解析
小题1:猜词题：第一段：A cheap drug that can stop bleeding in people recently injured in an accident 介绍了一种可以止血的便宜的药，这里指这种药物TXA可以阻止死于出血引起的死亡。选 C
小题1:从第三段的句子：The drug is commonly used in wealthy countries during elective surgeries(外科手术) to stop bleeding , but isn’t used for accident victims. 可知以前TXA 指用于手术上。选B
小题1:推理题：从第四段的句子;Doctors were worried it might increase side effects such as blood clots （凝块）in the heart and lungs, strokes, or heart attacks. 可知因为以前没有在手术中使用过，所以医生很担心。选D
小题1:推理题：从倒数第一段的句子：Experts estimated that if TXA were readily available, between 70,000 and 100,000 lives a year could be saved.可知TXA 以前没有用于出事故的病人身上很遗憾，不然就会救了很多人的命。选A |
举一反三
Healthy eating begins with learning how to “eat smart”. It’s not just what you eat，小题1:. how you eat. Pay attention to what you eat and choosing foods that are both nourishing小题2: enjoyable helps support an overall healthy diet.
Take time to chew your food： Chew your food slowly， savoring every bite. We tend to rush through our meals， forgetting to actually taste the flavors and feel the textures(质地) of 小题3: is in our mouths. Reconnect with小题4: joy of eating.
Avoid stress while eating： Avoid eating while working， driving， arguing， or watching TV. Try taking some deep breaths before beginning your meal， or light candles and play soothing music to create a relaxing atmosphere.
Listen to your body： Ask 小题5: if you are really hungry. You may really be thirsty， so try drinking a glass of water first. During a meal， stop eating before you feel full. It actually takes a few minutes 小题6: your brain to tell your body that it has had 小题7: food， so eat slowly.
Eat early： Starting your day小题8: a healthy breakfast can jumpstart your metabolism(新陈代谢)， and eating early in the day gives your body time to work those calories off. |
It’s you and I who are to blame for the state of the earth. No question about it. It’s our life-style that is threatening life on Earth, so we must make the changes. The good news is that many of those changes are really quite simple, even enjoyable, but for every careful step we take as individuals , we must press government and industry to take a big step on our benefit . And we must start now. Tomorrow’s too late.
My aim this year is to persuade as many of my friends and colleagues as possible to choose the train, and leave their cars behind too. My gardens have been pesticide(***虫剂)–free zones for years and I enjoy seeing more wildlife on my doorstep as a result; I’ve tried to reduce my contribution to water pollution too, by using environment-friendly, phosphate(磷)–free washing powder , and by no longer thinking of the toilet as a suitable waste-disposal(处理) point .
I ran after a young lady through town recently to give her back the piece of paper she had carelessly thrown away. She disappeared into a shop, and when I followed her inside and made my presentation, she was doubly embarrassed--she worked there, and the boss gave her a ticking–off too. I’ve started asking fellow drivers at gas stations why they aren’t using unleaded (无铅的) petrol . These are small things, but we have to start somewhere, and every little does help .
小题1:To help the environment, the author is trying to do everything mentioned below EXCEPT .| A．taking the train instead of a car | | B．throwing away the old cars | | C．avoiding the use of pesticides | | D．running after those who throw articles carelessly |
小题2:The author ran after a woman through town because he wanted .| A．to find out where she worked | | B．to give her back the piece of paper she had lost | | C．to tell her not to throw away pieces of paper carelessly | | D．to ask her to pay him for picking up the piece of paper. |
小题3:The word “ticking-off ” in the last paragraph probably means .| A．blaming | B．a piece of paper | C．prize | D．ticket |
小题4:The purpose of this passage is to .| A．persuade his friends to take the train | | B．inform us of the good news | | C．make clear who is responsible for the environment | | D．try to advise us all to protect our environment |
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Over the past 20 years, AIDS and war have claimed the parents of 2．4 million Ugandan children．When Alexis Hefley first visited the country,, in 1993, she saw the children’s sorrow, but the former Texas banker also spotted "a world of possibility"．She watched as they danced for tourists to earn money, and she had a thought: If people in America could see them perform, they’d support them too．
The children’s passion and talent inspired Hefley to work with the kids at an orphanage（孤儿院）in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, to organize a traveling dance troupe（团）．The goals: to give the problems in Uganda a human face, to raise awareness and to raise money．
The first tour touched down at six American cities in 1994．Today, the 22-member troupe, known as the Spirit of Uganda, travels across America every two years．The young performers bring their energy and joy to audiences across the U．S．and help support hundreds of Ugandan orphans back home．Among the young dancers, some earn scholarships to attend the U．S．colleges, and then return to their country to help rebuild it．
Photojournalist Douglas Menuez first photographed the troupe in 2006 -?a project that led to his new book, Transcendent Spirit, from which these images are drawn．At each performance, the dancers’ faces show pure joy, quite an achievement given the hardships they’ve faced．"They look to the future, not the past," explains Menuez．"They embrace beauty and good in the world．" As one dancer puts it, "People think we have lost our parents．We’ve had so many problems．But then they see us perform．They see our smiles．And they learn that life goes on．"
小题1:What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? | A．How miserable Ugandan orphans’ life is． | | B．How the dance troupe was set up． | | C．How the young dancers earned money． | | D．How the orphans lost their parents．| |
小题2:What do we learn about the Spirit of Uganda? | A．It was started by a journalist． | | B．It travels across the U．S．annually． | | C．It consists of two dozen performers． | | D．Its dancers have chances to study in the U．S． |
小题3:In the eyes of Menuez, the young performers are_____． | A．beautiful | B．talented | C．optimistic | D．humorous |
小题4:What might be the most suitable title for the passage? | A．Ugandan orphans turn tragedy into dance | | B．Transcendent Spirit: A close look at Uganda | | C．AIDS and war are claiming people’s lives | | D．Lots of people are helping Ugandan orphans |
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A Concussion（脑震荡） happens when the brain is shaken, often in a car crash or a fall or a strike on; the head in sports．Concussions can be mild, but doctors may order a CT scan to look for a more serious injury．But a recent study warned that more children than necessary are being exposed（使遭受） to radiation this way．
A national team led by two doctors at the University of California, Davis, studied hospital records from thousands of children with head injuries. They found that in many cases, the risk of developing cancer from the radiation outweighed the risk of a serious brain injury.
The study found that one in five children over age two had a low risk of serious injury but received CT scans anyway. The same was true of almost one in four children under two years of age.
The researchers have developed rules to predict if a head injury is serious enough for a scan. For children under two, doctors are advised against it if there is:
·Normal mental activity.
·No swelling in the back of the head.
·No feeling of a broken bone in the skull. (头骨)
·And no loss of consciousness for more than five seconds.
Doctors should also consider how the child was injured and whether the parents say the child is acting normally.
For patients from two to eighteen, the guidelines are similar —— except there should be no l vomiting（呕吐）and no severe headache.
Earlier this year, the British Journal of Sports Medicine published new guidelines for concussions in children and teens. International experts said they should not return to sports or school until fully recovered. The brain also needs a "cognitive rest," they say, by restricting activities like video games, texting and watching TV.
It often take longer than adults to recover from a concussion than adults. The experts say individual progress and not a set time period should always guide a decision to return to play.
小题1:The researchers at the -University of California found that children who received CT scans| A．were likely to suffer brain injuries | | B．wouldn’t have normal mental activity | | C．would lose consciousness now and then | | D．were likely to develop canter |
小题2:How many aspects should doctors consider when deciding whether a child under two needs a CT scan? | A．Four． | B．Six． | C．Seven． | D．Nine． |
小题3:What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?| A．Texting is harmful to patients’ recovery from concussions． | | B．Patients with brain injuries can play many sports． | | C．Adults need a longer time than teens to recover from concussions． | | D．It takes at least a year for individuals with brain injuries to fully recover． |
小题4:The author of the passage mainly___．| A．describes the risks of brain injuries | | B．suggests CT scans are of practical use | | C．tells us about the risks of brain injury tests | | D．argues against new guidelines for concussions |
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Body and Food
Your body, which has close relations with the food you eat, is the most important thing you own, so it needs proper treatment and proper nourishment (营养).The old saying “An apple a day keeps the doctor away ”is not as silly as some people think. The body needs fruit and vegetables because they contain vitamin C. Many people take extra vitamins in pill form, believing that these will make them healthy.
But a good diet is made up of nourishing food and this gives all the vitamins you need. The body doesn’t need or use extra vitamins, so why waste money on them?
In the modern western world, many people are too busy to bother about eating properly. They throw anything into their stomachs, eating hurriedly and carelessly. The list of illnesses caused or made worse by bad eating habits is frightening,
小题1:“Your body has close relations with the food you eat.” It really means that ______.| A．all kinds of food you eat can be made into your body | | B．your body is made up of the food you eat | | C．what you eat has great effect on your health | | D．the more you eat, the fitter you will feel |
小题2:The old saying referred to in the passage tells us that ______.| A．eating apples regularly does lots of good to our health | | B．the apple is the best among all kinds of fruits | | C．apples can take the place of doctors | | D．an apple is a sure cure for illness |
小题3:From the passage we can draw a conclusion that if we want to keep healthy, we should ______.| A．only eat an apple a day | | B．eat properly | | C．take as many vitamin pills as possible | | D．throw something into our stomachs slowly and carefully |
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