There are new findings that not enough sleep may cause people to gain weight.Res

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There are new findings that not enough sleep may cause people to gain weight.Researchers say a lack of sleep can produce hormonal changes that increase feelings of hunger.
In one study,researchers in the United States examined information on more than 1000 people.The people had taken part in a long-term study of sleep disorders.
Some people slept less than five hours a night.They had 15 percent higher blood levels of a hormone called ghrelin than people who slept eight hours.And they had 15 percent less of the hormone leptin.Experts say ghrelin helps make people feel hungry;leptin makes you feel full.
The scientists say these hormonal changes may be a cause of obesity in Western societies.They note the combination that limitation is common and is widely available.
The results were not affected by how much people exercised.People who are awake longer have more time to burn energy.But the researchers say loss of sleep may increase hunger especially for high-calorie foods,so people gain weight.It seems that,for survival,the body may be designed to store more fat during times with less sleep.
Researchers from Stanford University in California and the University of Wisconsin did the study.They found that the best amount of sleep for weight control is 7.7 hours a night.
The Public Library of Science published the findings in its journal Medicine.Internet users can read the full study,free of charge,at plos.org.
小题1:Which of the following shows the right way in which lack of sleep causes weight gain?

A．more ghrelin and less leptin→feeling hungry→eating more

B．feeling hungry→eating more→more ghrelin and less leptin

C．burning more energy→feeling hungry→eating more

D．more leptin and less ghrelin→feeling full→less exercise

小题2:The two words missing in the 4th paragraph should be “_________”and “_________”.

A．weight;sleep

B．sleep;food

C．hunger;food

D．weight;work

小题3:When you sleep 7.7 hours a night,you will_________.

A．have your ghrelin level rise and leptin level drop

B．have your leptin level rise and ghrelin level drop

C．have your ghrelin and leptin levels properly balanced

D．feel neither hungry nor full

小题4:The writer wrote this passage to_________.

A．make a news report	B．offer a piece of medical advice
C．make an advertisement	D．keep a record of the research findings

答案

小题1:A
小题2:B
小题3:C
小题4:A

解析

小题1:第三段，睡眠与ghrelin的关系。
小题2:吃得多，长得胖。
小题3:见倒数第二段，专家的观点。
小题4:由文章最后一段可知。

举一反三

Healthy knees aren’t the main consideration in choosing high heels,but new research says chunky heels are just as bad for the knees as spindly stilettos（细高跟鞋）.“It takes a long time to feel the effects of knee osteoarthritis（骨关节炎）—and once you do it,it is too late,”said Dr.Casey Kerrigan,leading researcher of the study and associate professor at Harvard Medical School’s department of physical medicine.“I compare it to smoking—one cigarette is not painful,but over a lifetime it is.Wide-heeled shoes feel comfortable,so women wear them all day long,”Kerrigan said.“They are better for your feet than stiletto heels,but just as bad for your knees.”
In the study,researchers had twenty women wear two pairs of shoes with three-inch heels,one with a narrow heel and the other with a thick one.The scientists compared how much pressure was put on the women’s knees by both types of shoes.The women also walked bare-foot to test normal pressure.The scientists found that both types of shoes applied equal amounts of pressure to the knees.Compared with walking barefoot,the heels increased pressure on the inside of the knee by 26 percent.Increased pressure on the knee eventually leads to arthritis,experts say.
The idea that high heels are bad for your health isn’t new—scientists have warned women for years that they contribute to problems ranging from corns to hammer toes,tendonitis,knee pain,sprained(扭伤)ankles and back problems.But in 1998,Kerrigan and a team of Harvard researchers were the first to link high heels and knee osteoarthritis,a painful joint disease that destroys cartilage(软骨)surrounding the knee.The first study looked only at stiletto heels,and Kerrigan said she wanted to study the chunky high-heeled shoes she noticed many women wearing.“This study confirms what we all intuitively（直觉地）know that high-heeled shoes of any kind are not good for our health,”said Dr.Glem Pfeffer,a San Francisco doctor and member of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons who was not connected to the study.
小题1:We learn from the passage that women choose chunky heels because _________.

A．they want to walk comfortably

B．chunky heeled shoes are cheaper than stiletto heeled pairs

C．chunky heels do less harm to knees

D．chunky heels are not painful at all

小题2:The study mentioned in the second paragraph found that _________.

A．pressure on the foot is caused by high heels

B．the pressure is abnormal while walking barefoot

C．arthritis is always caused by pressure on the knees

D．both types of shoes have the same harm to the knees

小题3:It can be inferred from the passage that _________.

A．people got to know the high heels are bad for health recently

B．people have known the high heels are bad for health for years

C．people haven’t known the high heels are bad for health yet

D．people will be warned that the high heels are bad for health soon

小题4:Kerrigan’s late study looked at the chunky high-heeled shoes because _________.

A．they feel more comfortable

B．they are related to knee osteoarthritis

C．they are worn by many women

D．they are different from stiletto heels

小题5:The best title for the passage may be _________.

A．Talking Healthy Knees into Consideration

B．High-heels Do Harm to Knees

C．Chunky Heels and Stiletto Heels

D．When Wearing High-heels

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It came with devastating force,a natural disaster of strange intensity that shocked the world and killed tens of thousands.The waters have now receded,but disease and food and water shortages trouble a number of countries around the Indian Ocean.Millions of survivors face serious problems.
The number of survivors in need of food aid after the Indian Ocean disaster has climbed to 5 million people.They stretch from Somalia to Thailand,and the figure could rise further,the United Nations has said.
Relief teams hope to reach all of the estimated 700 000 hungry in Sri Lanka within three more days.It could take longer before enough food aid gets to the nearly 1 million people in need in hard-to-reach parts of Indonesia.Another serious problem is the need for purified water.
Although aid had poured in from all over the world to the disaster areas,“Logistics is the big problem here—just getting the stuff out to people who need it,”said Ron Libby,emergency management specialist at the USA agency for International Development.
Relief efforts are hindered by the difficulty of delivering aid to the more than 1000 islands scattered across hundreds of kilometers of ocean.
For those who survived the tsunami"s force,disease is now the No.1 problem.Five million people are short of water,food and basic sanitation across the region.World Health Organization(WHO) crisis chief David Navarro said 50 000 more people could die from disease and other causes,as has been the case in previous humanitarian emergencies.
WHO said it had already received a handful of reports of malaria(疟疾) and dengue fever(登革热) and hundreds of reports of diarrhea(腹泻) and infected wounds.It said millions of water purification tablets had been sent to Asia,along with sanitation engineers to rebuild water sanitation infrastructure.
Psychologists are warning that mental health problems caused by the tsunami could prove harder to resolve than the physical damage.
Some survivors say they are plagued by recurring nightmares about walls of water.Many locals are afraid to return to beachside homes.Officials also warn that suicide rates could rise dramatically as parents struggle with guilt at losing children.
Psychologists estimate that 20 to 30 per cent of people who face traumatic events eventually develop symptoms,such as alcohol abuse,lack of concentration at work and an inability to develop close relationships.
Although the Thai Government has offered to build temporary beachside housing,many refugee families are refusing to come down from the hills.Others are afraid to go back to jobs on the sea.
Over 150 000 people were killed by the tsunami,but hundreds and thousands more have been left with no means to earn a living.
In the village of Akirapettai in India,all that is left is the twisted wreckage of the fishing fleet.Dakshina Murti,a fisherman,not only lost three family members,but also lost his boats,his nets,everything.
“Everything"s gone,”he says.With no government aid so far,all he has is a wreck.There are several million people who suffered the same experience.Homes have been destroyed,as well as wharves,docks,and sheds.
For now,rebuilding the economy remains a distant concept.
小题1:This passage is mainly about _________that happened around the Indian Oceans.

A．the causes of the tsunami	B．the result after the tsunami
C．the sign of the tsunami	D．the warning of the tsunami

小题2:According to what the United Nations has said,the number of survivors in need of food aid after the disaster _________.

A．is not more than 5 million	B．is less than 5 million
C．has reached 5 million	D．won"t reach 5 million

小题3:From the passage we learn that _________ is the most serious problem for the time being.

A．disease

B．food

C．water

D．house

小题4:The passage tells us that such a disaster,as tsunami will cause diseases and _________ as well.

A．Dengue fever

B．diarrhea

C．Malaria

D．mental health problem

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Eleven-year-old Angela was stricken with a debilitating disease involving her nervous system.She was unable to walk and her movement was restricted in other ways as well.The doctors did not hold out much hope of her ever recovering from this illness.They predicted she’d spend the rest of her life in a wheelchair.They said that few,if any,were able to come back to normal after contracting this disease.The little girl was undaunted.There,lying in her hospital bed,she would vow to anyone who’d listen that she was definitely going to be walking again someday.
She was transferred to a specialized hospital in the San Francisco Bay area.Whatever therapies could be applied to her case were used.The therapists were charmed by her undefeatable spirit.They taught her about imaging—about seeing herself walking.If it would do nothing else,it would at least give her hope and something positive to do in the long waking hours in her bed.Angela would work as hard as possible in physical therapy,in whirlpools and in exercise sessions.But she worked just as hard lying there faithfully doing her imaging;visualizing herself moving,moving,moving!
One day,as she was staining with all her might to imagine her legs moving again,it seemed as though a miracle happened:The bed moved!It began to move around the room!She screamed out,“Look what I’m doing!Look!Look!I can do it!I moved,I moved!”
Of course,at this very moment everyone else in the hospital was screaming,too,and running for cover.People were screaming,equipment was falling and glass was breaking.You see,it was the recent San Francisco earthquake.But don’t tell that to Angela.She’s convinced that she did it.And now only a few years later,she’s back in school. You see,anyone who can shake the earth between San Francisco and Oakland can conquer a piddling little disease,can’t they?
小题1:The underlined word “undaunted” in the first paragraph can probably be replaced by _________.

A．encouraged

B．not discouraged

C．losing heart

D．excited

小题2:Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?

A．The girl got over her disease just by imagining.

B．It was because of her strong determination and constant efforts that she got walking again.

C．The girl was on top of the world when she moved the bed in her room.

D．Doctors believe imagining being healthy helps patients recover.

小题3:By saying the last sentence in the last paragraph,the author means that_________.

A．where there is a will,there is a way

B．a person who is strong enough to shake the earth can get over any disease

C．just as it is impossible for one to shake the earth,so it is to conquer a serious disease

D．though one can shake the earth,he can’t defeat a little disease

小题4:What might be a good title for the text?

A．Did The Earth Move For You?

B．A Miracle Made by a Young Girl

C．A Young Girl Conquered Disease

D．Strong Will Defeats Illness

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Interpersonal Distance
With the outbreak of SARS,everyone tried to avoid coming into close contact with each other.In those days,interpersonal distance increased,“close contact” almost became synonymous with “danger”,and even children couldn’t have close contact with their mothers.Now SARS has disappeared,and we return back to normal living again.Then,how can we do handle interpersonal distance in our everyday lives?
Studies show that interpersonal distance can be divided into 4 different types:intimate distance,personal distance,social distance,and public distance.
Intimate distance is the interpersonal distance of a person with the people closest to him or her.It ranges from 0 to 45 cm.When a stranger comes within this distance,a person will have strong negative reaction.In crowded buses,strangers usually maintain rigid poses and try to avoid body contact,but couples,lovers,children and their mothers usually lean close to each other.Intimates who aren’t able to live close together for a long time can become alienated.Also,touching is also very important.A contrast test shows that the nervous systems of babies who are often caressed by their mothers develop much faster and their weight increases faster,by 47%,than that of other babies.
Personal distance ranges from 45 cm to 1 m.People can converse genially at this distance without invading each other’s personal space.When friends and acquaintances meet on the street,they usually greet and converse at this distance.
Social distance generally ranges from 1 m to 3 m.Among this range,1-2 m is usually the distance in which people deal with private affairs in social activities.For example,when you get money from banks,in order to protect your privacy,other customers are required to stand at least 1 m away from you.2-3.5 m is a farther social distance.Business talks usually occur at this distance.Besides talking,proper eye contact is also indispensable.Otherwise,each side will feel disrespected.
Public distance is usually used in public gatherings.It generally ranges from 3.5 m to about 7 m.Beyond this range,people can’t communicate using a normal voice.In classrooms,experienced teachers usually leave their lecture platforms to enhance their teaching.
Under different cultural contexts,the interpersonal distance differs slightly,but its basic laws are the same.When conversing,people in love lean very close to each other,acquaintances lean closer than strangers,females lean closer than males,and extraverts lean closer than introverts.In life,harmonious interpersonal relationships are set upon proper interpersonal distances,and some conflicts start from improper interpersonal distances.
小题1:According to the text,the strangers standing close to each other in a crowded bus may_________.

A．try to keep a distance away	B．feel uneasy
C．feel nervous	D．be rude to each other

小题2:The distance between a teacher and students in class belongs to _________.
A.intimate distance C.personal distance
C.social distance D.public distance
小题3:The interpersonal distance between two people is mainly determined by _________.

A．how familiar they are with each other	B．their relationship in a special activity
C．their characters	D．their cultural background

小题4:To keep proper interpersonal distance is important because _________.

A．it makes people feel respected or loved

B．it helps to protect privacy

C．wrong interpersonal distance may result in misunderstanding

D．improper interpersonal distance may hurt others

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Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you’re “hot”, that’s true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak(最高峰). For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why it is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues(自言自语)as: “Get up, John! You’ll be late for work again!” the possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature—and—energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
You can’t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help, Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract(对抗)your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won’t change your cycle, but you’ll get up steam and work better at your low point.
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn(呵欠)and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
小题1:If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ______.
A．he is a lazy person
B．he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C．he is not sure when his energy is low
D he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
小题2: Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?

A．Not knowing about the energy cycle

B．Familiar monologues

C．A change in a family member’s energy cycle

D．Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members

小题3:If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should ______.

A．change his energy cycle	B．overcome his laziness
C．get up earlier than usual	D．go to bed earlier

小题4:You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will ______.

A．help to keep your energy for the day’s work

B．help you to control your temper early in the day

C．enable you to concentrate on your routine work

D．keep your energy cycle under control all day

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