阅读理解. Each year a million cows in Africa die from east coast fever.The disea
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tick bites.Young cows are most at risk；they can die within days.Farmers and herders
can lose up to half or more of their calves to east coast fever.
The disease is widespread in eleven countries.And experts say it now threatens ten
million more animals in new areas including southern Sudan.
Researchers first developed an experimental vaccine against east coast fever thirty
years ago.The vaccine works by a process called "infection and treatment"．The animals
are infected with whole parasites and treated with antibiotics at the same time.This keeps
the disease from developing.
Controlling east coast fever has meant a better life in areas that have gotten the vaccine.
For example,the vaccine has been available for a group of Maasai herders in northern
Tanzania for about seven years.They used to lose threefourths of their newborn calves
each year.Now,most survive.As a result,many people have extra cattle to sell,and use the
money to pay for school for their children.
But making the vaccine more widely available-especially in rural areas-has been difficult.
Farmers have been using supplies produced in the nineteen nineties.Recently there was a
shortage.The International Livestock Research Institute made one million doses at the request
of African officials.But that supply is only temporary.Another problem is that the vaccine
must be kept extremely cold.
Now,the nonprofit Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines is trying to
expand production and lower the cost.GALVmed spokesman Hameed Nuru says mobile
phones have helped lower some barriers to distribution.
HAMEED NURU:"Now,with the advent of cellular technology,most of the people we
do reach,such as the Maasai pastoralists,they all have cell phones.And they now call the
delivery agent who can now come and meet them at a particular place and do the vaccination
for them."
The vaccine is not cheap.But Hameed Nuru says the herders get together to sell a bull
and use the money to vaccinate all their animals.They understand that they are getting value
for their money:A cow is worth nearly twice as much if it is vaccinated.
A goal is to have local people develop businesses supplying the vaccine.
HAMEED NURU:"People are now seeing that they can actually make a business from
supplying this vaccine and getting out to the very rural areas where there is a market for this."
The efforts are supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the British
government.
East Coast Fever
| Features of eastcoast fever | ◆Spread by tick bites ◆__1__young cows easily in a few days ◆Being a __2__to many animals | |
| The measure to prevent the disease from __3__ | Developing a__4__ | |
| The difficultiesin__5__the vaccine | ◆For a__6__of the vaccine ◆Kept at a very low__7__ | |
| The__8__to making the vaccine available | ◆Trying to expand production and make the vaccine__9__ ◆__10__the vaccine to farmers with the help of mobile phones | |
| 1.Killing 2.threat 3.developing 4.vaccine 5．getting 6.lack 7.temperature 8.solutions 9.cheaper 10.Distributing/Delivering | ||
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| 1The goal here is to limit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which are closely associated to the big problem of global-warming. Strategy 1: Bring your own cup to Starbucks You’ll get a 10 cent discount, and it’s one less paper cup to end up in a landfill. While you’re there, pick up some free bags of spent coffee grounds to use as ‘‘green’’ fertilizer in your garden. The payoff: 2 Strategy2: Turn off your computer When in standby mode, your PC is still using energy. 3 The payoff: Turning off a monitor for 40 hours a week may only save $ 5 a month, but it reduces CO2 by 750 pounds Strategy 3: Reuse plastic bags Instead of throwing away 100 billion plastic bags a year, try and get a second, third, or tenth use out of them. Better yet, next time you shop, try a reusable bag. The payoff: 4 The amount of oil it would take to make just 14 plastic bags would run your car for one mile. Strategy4: Use recycled paper in the bathroom Most of the toilet paper we use is made from trees found in forests previously untouched by humans. The payoff: If every household replaced one roll of toilet paper with a recycled one, 424000 trees would still be standing. Look for eco paper towels too. Strategy5: Buy energy-efficient appliances（电器）Replace the old fridge with an Energy Star appliance and you’ll use 15 percent less energy. 5 The payoff: If we all used one Energy Star appliance at home, it would be like planting 1. 7 million acres of new trees. | ||
A. You can be proud of yourselves, even if you can only make one or two of these green changes. | ||
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The influenza virus(流感病毒) or the flu is spread from person to person in the air when an infected
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| Now, we know that if we do not get enough vitamins, we are at risk of developing a number of diseases. As a result, vitamin supplements(补品),though expensive, are popular with people who worry that they are not getting enough vitamins from the foods they eat. But contrary to what many people think, medical experts have found little evidence that most supplements do anything to improve health or protect against disease. In fact, medical experts warn that taking too many of some vitamins can be harmful. For example, too much vitamin E can cause bleeding. People should discuss what vitamins they take with their doctors, as some vitamins can produce harmful side effects when mixed with medicines. Experts, however, do say that sometimes vitamins can help prevent disease. People who know they lack a particular vitamin should take vitamin supplements. Some older adults, for example, may not have enough vitamin B-twelve. This is because, as people get older, their body loses its ability to take it from foods. Also, people who spend much time inside may need some extra vitamin D as the skin makes this vitamin from sunlight. Different vitamins are found in different foods. Vitamin A is found in fish liver oil. It also is in the yellow part of eggs. Sweet potatoes, carrots and other darkly colored fruits and vegetables contain substances that the body can change into vitamin A. Vitamin B-twelve is found in green leafy vegetables and other foods, like fruits. Vitamin K can be found in pork products. In fact, for most people, a balanced diet can ensure enough of the vitamins our bodies need. So, it is important for us to eat a mixture of foods every day to ensure that we get enough vitamins our bodies need. 1. What is probably talked about before this passage? A. How many vitamins a person"s body needs. B. How many vitamins some foods contain. C. The benefits that vitamins bring to our health. D. What people should do to stay healthy. 2. Vitamin supplements are popular with people because ________. A. people mistakenly think that they are good for their health B. they contain more vitamins than the foods people eat C. food does not provide enough vitamins people need D. people fear that a lack of vitamins will lead to disease 3. From the passage, we can learn that medical experts advise people _________. A. never to take any vitamin supplements B. to depend only on food for their vitamins C. not to take any vitamins together with medicines D. to consult doctors before taking vitamin supplements 4. For people who lack Vitamin B-twelve, they can eat more from _______. A. sweet potatoes B. green leafy vegetables C. pork products D. eggs | ||
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| It may sound strange, but cutting down a real tree for Christmas is actually greener than going with the artificial kind, one scientist says. "It is a little confusing to people," said Clint Springer, a biologist at Saint Joseph"s University in Philadelphia. Because of concerns over deforestation (砍伐森林) around the world, many people naturally worry that buying a real tree might contribute to that problem. But most Christmas trees for sale these days are grown not in the forest but on tree farms for the purpose of being cut. Moreover, from the viewpoint of greenhouse gases, real trees are "the obvious choice". Live trees actively release oxygen as they grow, and meanwhile remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. After they have been cut and Christmas is over, they"re usually cut into smaller pieces for mulch (覆 盖物). As mulch, the bits of trees very slowly release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. So in the end, a real Christmas tree is carbon neutral, putting the same amount of carbon dioxide back into the air as it took out (although much more slowly). The tree farms that grow the trees also replant after the trees are cut. Artificial trees, on the other hand, don"t come out even in the carbon balance. Petroleum (石油) is used to make the plastics in artificial trees and lots of carbon dioxide-creating energy is required to make and transport them. Because these trees just end up in the places where waste is buried under the ground after use, "those greenhouse gases are lost forever," Springer said. 1. The author presents the text mainly by . A. giving descriptions B. making comparisons C. listing figures D. analyzing different opinions 2. Real trees for Christmas are better than artificial trees probably because . A. real trees cost buyers less money B. real trees are more beautiful C. real trees don"t cause any pollution D. real trees can be used for a longer time 3. The underlined part "carbon neutral" in the third paragraph can be best replaced by " ". A. not releasing more carbon B. absorbing carbon dioxide C. causing much waste D. releasing carbon dioxide 4. The purpose of the text is to tell us . A. the reasons for using real trees for Christmas B. the environmental protection tips for Christmas C. how to choose artificial Christmas trees D. how to spend a much greener Christmas | ||
| Not long ago, many doctors in the West laughed at the suggestion that they might learn something from traditional Asian systems of healing. Most of them thought that Asian herbal (药草的) medicine and acupuncture(针灸) were believed in only by simple people who knew no better. Western doctors relied mainly on chemical cures as the safest and surest way to treat illnesses. The scientific age of antibiotics(抗生素), "miracle drugs" and heart transplants encouraged the public to that there must be a pill for every illness. It was true that often the drug companies prov  ided what the public wanted: a speedy temporary cure and didnot remove the real cause of the illness. Moreover, some people actually became ill through taking too much medicine. Many people in the West are now beginning to look for more natural cures for their illnesses and often they turn to the ancient wisdom of the East. There are some doctors in Britain now who offer their patients acupuncture treatment. Recently an Indian company which produces a natural medicine based on the biba root has sold some to Germany. The World Health Organization(WHO) encourages doctors not to rely too greatly on expensive Western medicines but to choose them carefully and use also their traditional herbal cures. The mixture of Eastern and Western medicine has been practiced very successfully in China. China is still the only country in the world where the traditional doctor using herbal medicine and acupuncture is as respected as the Western-trained doctor. Through China all types of doctors are expected to work together. Western-style doctors are required to take at least a one-year course in traditional medicine, and the acupunctures must also study the basics of western medicine. China"s way of "having the best of both worlds" has greatly impressed many visiting doctors from the West. Experts from the WHO have decided that the time has come to study herbal medicine very carefully and to decide, by carefully controlled scientific experiments, what good these medicine might do. They are especially interested in finding cures for illnesses which Western medicine has found "incurable". Six WHO units have been set up in Hong  Kong, Seoul, Sri Lanka, London and Chicago, and so far theresults have been encouraging. | ||
| 1. What conclusion can we draw from the first paragraph? | ||
| A. Miracle drugs are born with science. B. Chemical cures have got some side-effects if taken too much. C. Chemical cures are better than Asian systems of healing because of its immediate response. D. Drug companies are willing to meet the public demands. | ||
| 2. What is the true reason for Western doctors to turn to the ancient wisdom of the East ? | ||
| A. Herbal medicine are less expensive. B. Western medicines can"t work very well in some areas. C. China has already set a good example of combining Eastern and Western medicines. D. All of the above. | ||
| 3. What do you think a Chinese doctor should learn? | ||
| A. Chinese medicine only. B. Western medicine only. C. Both with different emphasis. D. Both equally. |