英语翻译

题目

英语翻译
看了两位的回答，好像都有些偏题啊，所以很有必要重新解释一下要求哦~
原文必须是英文的，因为要附上原文的出处，是出自哪本外文著作，或是外文期刊啊什么是，作者是谁，然后内容翻译成中文~

答案

原地址自己点.
翻译:
1 The concept of service-oriented government and the characteristics of
The so-called service-oriented government, are in relation to the management of type, power type, a command-oriented government, it is based in the civic, community-based philosophy under the guidance of society in the whole framework of democratic order, through the statutory procedures, in accordance with the will of the formation of citizens with Civil Service for the purpose of that and assume the duty of the Government Service.
Service-oriented government has two important features: First, the Government has only provided the market, enterprises and individuals unable or unwilling to provide public goods and public services. As we all know, generally the product of modern economics is divided into public goods and private goods. Public goods (in addition to policies, regulations) are often large scale investment, long-term investment for businesses to invest in unprofitable public goods; For an individual, often can not afford. And public goods have the characteristics of the non-exclusive, but also makes it easy to have a free-rider psychological, that is, a person involved in the consumption of public goods, but they are not paid or fully paid the cost of production and to rely on others to pay. This free-rider psychological (as well as to avoid free-rider psychological) cause a collective irrational: we are unwilling to provide public goods. This decision can not be a public goods provided by the market. Economics of private goods and public goods classification of a good administration to define the scope of the service: the Government should only provide public goods to the public without the need should not be involved in the production of private goods. Personal belongings from the market mechanism can achieve an efficient supply, there is no need for government intervention in the production of private goods. Second, the Government should encourage market-oriented public service. Although the Government should provide public goods, but the government can not monopolize the production of public goods. In fact, even if only the government has the capacity to provide services, and therefore there is no reason to prohibit the private sector to try and find some other way, that is, non-use of compulsory powers in the case of goods and services provided by these methods. It is entirely possible to find some new ways to make a kind of impossible in the past by those willing to pay the people enjoy exclusive services as a service for transactions, and methods to allow the market to not be able to apply in its previous the field is applied. Government should be no monopoly on the supply of public goods means that the private and the private sector to enter these areas, these public service industries are market-oriented open. Therefore, the supply of public goods should be open to the private sector, and private provision of public goods do not do not want to contradict each other. As a service-oriented government, not only can not monopolize the supply of public goods and public services should be encouraged to market-oriented, because in the presence of competition, the Administration Service will be to minimize the extent of the defects and the market economic system and the basic requirements compatible.
2 to create the need for a service-oriented government
2.1 Service-oriented government construction are set up and perfect the socialist market economic system required an objective
Service-oriented government that is in accordance with the fundamental task of the socialist market economic system and the rule of law society, to provide a good environment for the development of a market economy. After 20 years of reform and opening up, China's socialist market economic system, the initial set up, but the impact of the traditional planned economy is still more serious, the old system under the most difficult problem was accumulated down, the special problems during the period of transformation has also been highlighted. The direct management of the economy, local protectionism and industrial monopoly and the department, such as fake and shoddy problem still exist, these are neither consistent with the WTO rules, but also seriously affect the entire market economy the development of the specification. Service-oriented government is to change the management of the past, the Government does not regulate, imperfect place, and further transform government functions and will focus on the Government to strengthen and improve macroeconomic regulation and control, standardize the market, to create a good market environment, improve public services and ability; make government management in line with the market economy, promoting China's socialist market economic system was perfect or not.
2.2 Service-oriented government is the purpose of our party and the government decide the nature of the
The purpose of our party the majority of people are seeking for the most benefits, this is a basic Marxist opinion. Implementation of the "three represents," the essence of governing for the people at insist. Party all the work, in order to achieve the most fundamental interests of the people to the highest standards. Our party is committed to the development of advanced productive forces and culture, it is in order to continuously meet the people's growing material and cultural needs, implementation and maintenance of the most fundamental interests of the people are adhering to the "three represents" the ultimate end-result. U.S. Government is the people's government, which made the government decide everything, must be only the people are for the benefit of the people.
2.3 Service-oriented government reform are essential Governments tend to
At sweeping the Western world in the style of reinventing government, and particularly since the 90's since the 20th century, Western governments are remodeling a service-oriented government as its main goal. In 1994, the British Government had a "Government Information Service," the experiment in November 1996 published "Government Direct" plan, put forward a new form of public service to meet the future needs of society. The United States Government in September 20, 1994 issued a "customer first: the United States Public Service standards," and advocated the establishment of government customers. December the same year, the United States Government Information Technology Services Group of the Government Information Technology Services Vision report, the reform of personnel administration is not only streamline and reduce government deficits, but also required the use of information technology at the power of the complete remodeling services to the Government of the people工作. New Zealand have a "department of public service reform", as well as Japan's "national implementation of the provision of high quality administration services," reflects the goal of government reform --- to build a service-oriented government. Since reform and opening up our country is to create a service-oriented government has made unremitting efforts to carry out a number of occasions in order to change their functions as the focus of institutional reform.
3 Service-oriented government to create the path selection
3.1 Construction of high-quality construction of the civil service are the key to a service-oriented government
Building a service-oriented government, first of all to build a high-quality civil service. The so-called high-quality civil service, civil servants not only have a high professional quality, but also refers to the civil service are of high political quality and a strong sense of service. Awareness of a culture of service, we must strengthen the civil service of professional ethics, responsibility, professionalism, improve the operational capacity of the civil service, service skills. In particular, it is necessary to emphasize the following three points: First, the initiative. National civil servants have taken the initiative to serve the public interest of the warm, good at discovering problems, understanding issues, would be to do research, to be able to quick-reaction capability to observe and understand the social objective things, and actively prevent and solve the problem. National civil servants at the same time also means that people can respond positively to the demand, to provide high-quality services. Efficiency are two. Administration to achieve administrative efficiency are the most important means of goal. The people need efficient government, I hope the Government to simplify procedures, improve efficiency, administration job search achieve the most rapid, most economical ways and means. Three are fair. The executive authorities and the related activity of any of the system are impartial person should be treated equally. And therefore on the concept of civil servants in the country, it is necessary to admit citizens of society with equal rights. Opportunities provided by the Government and well-being of society as much as possible at a fair distribution among the members. In specific acts of policy, there must be a kind of "impersonal" spirit of the law. That is, no special priority due to the pro-and not a result of thinning and indifference, not due to special high or low due to discrimination. The elimination of personal, non-rational and emotional factors, and safeguard social fairness and justice.
3.2 Deepening the reform of administrative examination and approval system for service-oriented government construction are an important measure
The reform of administrative examination and approval system in accordance with the general requirements of the reform of administrative examination and approval system at work, they should follow the five principles. ① the principle of legality. Namely, the establishment and implementation of administrative examination and approval according to law must be consistent with the requirements of administration, compliance with the statutory powers and statutory procedures, in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, rules must be open. There is no basis for regulatory documents, and documents in accordance with established department procedures for examination and approval will be canceled. ② the principle of reasonableness. Refers to the establishment and implementation of administrative examination and approval must be conducive to the development of the socialist market economy and overall social progress, there is conducive to the implementation of effective management. ③ the effectiveness of the principle. Requirements to simplify procedures, reduce the aspect for the masses, strengthen the service and shorten the time limit to avoid long, repetitive examination and approval, improve the efficiency of the administrative resources to a smaller investment in the work of the Government achieve the best goal. ④ the principle of duty. In accordance with the "Who examination and approval, who is responsible for" the principle of the right to have the administrative examination and approval, it is necessary to bear on the examination and approval of the appropriate duty. Non-performance of the administrative examination and approval authority, not right to permit the object to fulfill management responsibilities must be held accountable for approving the law or duty, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the responsibility given to the appropriate person to disciplinary action. ⑤ the principle of supervision. That is, the approving authority for the administration to supervise the exercise of the right to restrict the approval to ensure that the legitimate, reasonable and fair exercise of the right of administrative examination and approval, and safeguarding the legitimate interests of the relative. Relative to the person objected to the approval, it is necessary to make a written reply, and this has to apply for reconsideration and the right to bring an administrative lawsuit; the approving authority to deal with the timely reporting of complaints will be dealt with by appropriate means, the results of an informer reply, the complainant. "Lawful, reasonable, performance, responsibility, and supervision" are mutually complementary principles of organic whole, in the practical application can not be divided, one-sided emphasis on one or several. In particular, we must grasp the principle of legal principles and the organic unity of a reasonable, even if legal principles are in line with the procedures for examination and approval, if not in conformity with the principle of reasonableness, the examination and approval should also be removed through the legislative process;, though in line with the principle of reasonableness, but not in line with the principle of legality, should be through the legislative process, the development of normative legal documents to be identified.
3.3 Administration Service Center set up a service-oriented government is to achieve an important goal
Administrative Service Center is the original government functions focused on the functions of the department to a hall, to provide a unified service-oriented counterparts Service object. Administration Service Center set up so that citizens no longer required the department to find separately sections, on the hall at one time to solve the problem, many by running into a door into. Administration Service Center and matching system and have publicly committed to首问责任system.首问责任system requirements of the first consultation by the primary responsibility for civil servants. Asked such as the duty is a matter of the scope of this window must be in charge of receiving and handling all matters which, if it is not belong to the contents of the window Services, is responsible for advice or contact the relevant departments to help staff the reception may not prevarication. System of public commitment to adhere to the "open, just and fair" principle, public affairs. Administrative Service Center of all services, procedures, services and management of time limits and regulations are available to the public on service quality and speed of an open commitment to provide and accept supervision by the masses. "One-Stop Service",首问责任system and constitutes a public commitment to the system administration service center in the heart of the functioning of the mechanism, are something new administration of the Service Center where the new ideas. Administration Services Center is set up the traditional administrative system changes and abandoning, the concept of the government's management reform and innovation. Services Administration for approval by the Center to examine issues focus for the implementation of the "one-window external," "one-stop office", "one-stop service" by "operating under the sun, standardized management" of the form, open to all business processes, so that the course of administrative activities and administrative powers, the use of open, transparent, improve the transparency of the exercise of power, in order to set up efficient, coordinated operation, the service code of conduct for the Government to lay a good foundation.
3.4 the development of implementation of e-government services are an important means of government.
The main objective of e-government is to establish that the public service-oriented government. The development of e-government belong to the scope of political reform, the implementation of e-government is the government to break the monopoly of public services, improve efficiency, faster, more direct and wider social services for the public services. This public information available more public resources, the government can enjoy a more specific and more personalized services. The openness of e-government access to the Internet decide the Government must make public their administration. First of all, are asking the Government to act in public, whether it is government policy or government approval can not be put into black-box operations are to be carried out in accordance with statutory procedures and accept supervision of the people. Then the Chief of Information, all the law requires the Chief to the public information must be available on the Internet to the public.
3.5 to promote the socialization of public services are a service-oriented government aim to achieve an effective way.
The socialization of public services mainly refers to the original commitment by the Government some public service functions, a large number to be transferred to non-governmental organizations and the private sector, from public services and public goods entirely by government departments or state-owned enterprises into the Government's use of social forces or by the semi-autonomous self-governing society organizations and the private sector to provide the public with public services and products, some of the private sector, an independent body, social self-government, semi-autonomous organizations, social organizations, will become public goods and services providers, to provide the same public goods and services to compete. Government, through the power of social organization, use and management, implementation of public administration and services of society in order not to increase the size of government expenditure and improve public services, improve administrative efficiency. The socialization of public services can add lot of non-governmental organizations to the public provision of services and products to the ranks, so that the original commitment by the Government a large part of the transfer of functions of public administration go out, the Government may partially or even completely free from day-to-day affairs from concentrate on policy formulation and implementation of market economic order of maintenance, construction of basic facilities, truly "at the helm, rather than rowing", to provide more quality services. This is also the implementation of "small government, big society" premise.
Implementation of public services to society, the Government must be widely used in the manner authorized or decentralization of social services and the management of the authority through democratic means to take part in or delegated to a number of organizations in society, and authorized the use of policies to encourage the social intermediary organizations, community-based or the private sector to shoulder some of the cause of public service and products. With changes in social structure, social pattern of multiple interests, the growth of civil society, foster, develop and regulate the social intermediary organizations to promote the socialization of public services, the establishment of a social self-management mechanisms, will become the Government's social reform and the practice of management one orientation, and construction services are an important part of government.