Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流) . Most d
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Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流) . Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way -- by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years’ experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.
Ebbesmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes — about 60,000 in total — fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn"t. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.
The Pacific Northwest is one of the world"s best areas for beachcombing(海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1, 600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study.
As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.
小题1:The underlined phrase swap meets in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______________.| A．fitting rooms | | B．trading fairs | | C．business talks | | D．group meetings |
小题2:Ebbesmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out _____________.| A．what caused the shipping accident | | B．when and where the shoes went missing | | C．whether it was all right to use their shoes | | D．how much they lost in the shipping accident |
小题3:How did Ebbesmeyer prove his assumption?| A．By collecting information from beachcombers. | | B．By studying the shoes found by beachcomber. | | C．By searching the web for ocean currents models. | | D．By researching ocean currents data in the library. |
小题4:Ebbesmeyer is most famous for ___________________.| A．traveling widely the coastal cities of the world | | B．making records for any lost objects on the sea | | C．running a global currents research association | | D．phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea |
小题5:What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?| A．To call people"s attention to ocean pollution. | | B．To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean. | | C．To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents. | | D．To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach. |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:C
小题3:A
小题4:D
小题5:C |
解析
试题分析：本文是一篇说明文。文中介绍了海洋科学家Curtis Ebbesmeyer的一种独特研究洋流的方法——根据海上的漂浮物来研究洋流。他通过寻问海洋搜寻，请他们帮忙来收集漂浮物的信息，用这些信息资料他做实验和研究，不断完善洋流模型的电脑程序设计，然后出版他的研究结果。
小题1:B.考查词义猜测。和第一段画线短语swap meets的意思更接近的词是什么？根据try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.可知人们要试穿或卖这些鞋，故推测这是在进行一个交易会。故选B。
小题2:C.考查推理判断。 Ebbesmeyer给这些鞋的公司打电话是为了确定什么？根据As expected, the company told him that they didn"t. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.可知他打电话问公司要不要这些鞋，公司说不要。他觉得这可能是一个巨大的实验。如果他能知道这些鞋是何时下水的，何时登陆的，那他就可以推断洋流的形式。这样，打电话最根本的目的是确定“能用你们的鞋子吗？能用我就用来实验了。”故选C。
小题3:A.考查细节理解。 Ebbesmeyer如何证明他的假设的？根据Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. 可知Ebbesmeyer通过寻问海洋搜寻，请他们帮忙来收集信息，证明他的假设。故选A。选项B, 通过研究海洋搜寻发现的鞋。根据In a year he collected reliable information on 1, 600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and 可知他用这些鞋的信息做实验，故排除B项。选项C,通过上网搜寻洋流的模型。根据improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents,可知他自己不断完善洋流模型的电脑程序设计，不是在网上搜的洋流模型，故与原文不符。选项D,通过在图书馆研究洋流资料。文中没有提到他在图书馆的学习研究，故排除D项。
小题4:D.考查细节理解。Ebbesmeyer以什么最出名？根据Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. 可知Ebbesmeyer是个著名的科学家，专门打电话寻问罕见的海上漂流物。故选D。
小题5:C.考查推理判断。作者下这篇文章的目的是什么？根据However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way -- by studying movements of random floating garbage. 可知本文介绍了一种独特的研究洋流的方法——通过研究海洋上的漂流物。故选C。
考查：科普类短文阅读。 |
举一反三
Before I had my son, I spent two years working with children with disabilities. I learned that shouting and threats of punishment would result in a disaster. Coming up against their behaviour could only make the job harder and their behaviour more extreme. I found something that worked, though.
There was a very naughty boy in the nursery and a teacher who was generally very confident with the children was asked to take charge of him. One day the boy joined a session in the room next to mine. His appearance created an atmosphere of tension. He spent the entire session running around, hitting and kicking, and destroying property.
I was in the craft room working with some other children when my co-worker told me that this boy’s teacher was in tears, and could not get control of the situation. As we were talking，the boy ran in. I told my co-worker that I would take care of him.
I closed the door. He was full of energy, throwing things around and making a huge mess. But I could see that he was doing all these to annoy me. He needed connection, and this was the only way he knew how to ask for it. So I sat back down and kept quiet. Then he slowed down and began making a rocket. I talked to him about it. We continued like this for a few minutes before I slipped into the conversation:
“So what happened today?”
It was purely a question, no blame or anger in my tone. I believe that if I had criticized him, the gate that was slowly opening would have shut firmly closed. He told me that the teacher didn’t let him do what he knew well due to safety but asked him to do what he disliked. He also admitted that he had enjoyed making her run around and saw it as a game. I explained that his teacher had not seen it as a game and was very upset. This again was stated simply as a fact. I suggested that next time he had a session, he talk about what he hoped to do at the start，which might be easier for everyone. He agreed and was quiet for a moment. Then he looked at me with tears in his eyes before quietly asking if he could go to find his teacher to apologize.
小题1:The boy made trouble for his teacher because he_____ .| A．was accused of destroying property | | B．was told not to yell at other children | | C．was made to do things against his will | | D．was blamed for creating an air of tension |
小题2:Why didn’t the author do anything about the boy’s bad behavior at first?| A．She didn’t want to make it worse. | | B．She didn’t mind the huge mess at all. | | C．She was tired of shouting and threats. | | D．She hadn’t thought of a coping strategy. |
小题3:The author managed to get the boy to talk to her by _____.| A．playing games with him | | B．giving him a good suggestion | | C．describing his teacher’s feelings | | D．avoiding making critical remarks |
小题4:Why did the boy have tears in his eyes in the end?| A．He was sorry about his reputation. | | B．He was regretful about his behavior. | | C．He was fearful of the author’s warning. | | D．He was sad for the author’s misunderstanding. |
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The behaviour of a building’s users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use, according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions (排放）by 80 percent by 2050, part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zero-carbon by 2016. But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own — though extremely important- is not enough to achieve such reductions: the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too.
The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency (效率)，which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.
‘Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything,’explains Katy Janda, a UKERC senior researcher，‘consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design. ’In other words，old habits die hard, even in the best-designed eco-home.
Another part of the problem is information. Households and bill-payers don’t have the knowledge they need to change their energy-use habits. Without specific information，it’s hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices. Feedback (反馈） facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.
Social science research has added a further dimension (方面），suggesting that individuals’behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted 一 whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat (恒温器) , for example.
Janda argues that education is the key. She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them.
小题1:As to energy use, the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of________.| A． zero-carbon homes | B．the behaviour of building users | | C． sustainable building design | D．the reduction of carbon emissions |
小题2:The underlined word “which” in Paragraph 2 refers to”________.”| A．the ways | B．their homes | | C． developments | D．existing efforts |
小题3:What are Katy Janda’s words mainly about?| A． The importance of changing building users, habits. | | B． The necessity of making a careful building design. | | C． The variety of consumption patterns of building users. | | D． The role of technology in improving energy efficiency. |
小题4:The information gap in energy use _______. | A． can be bridged by feedback facilities | | B． affects the study on energy monitors | | C． brings about problems for smart meters | | D． will be caused by building users’ old habits |
小题5:What does the dimension added by social science research suggest?| A． The social science research is to be furthered. | | B． The education programme is under discussion. | | C． The behaviour of building users is unpredictable. | | D． The behaviour preference of building users is similar. |
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Most damagingly, anger weakens a person’s ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.
Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels (决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person’s awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.
Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG (脑电图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal (额叶前部) areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition (意向) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren’t balanced and, as a result of this, we’re likely to react. And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.
Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as of ensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry (不对称) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy (同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.
小题1:The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger ________.| A．usually has a biological basis | | B．varies among people | | C．is socially and culturally shaped | | D．influences one’s thinking and evaluation |
小题2:What changes can be found in an angry brain? | A．Balanced electrical activity can be spotted. | | B．Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas. | | C．Electrical activity corresponds to one’s behaviour. | | D．Electrical activity agrees with one’s disposition. |
小题3:Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?| A．Approaching the source of anger. | | B．Trying to control what is disliked. | | C．Moving away from what is disliked. | | D．Feeling helpless in the face of anger. |
小题4:What is the key message of the last paragraph?| A．How anger differs from other emotions. | | B．How anger relates to other emotions. | | C．Behavioural responses to anger. | | D．Behavioural patterns of anger. |
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Larry was on another of his underwater expeditions(探险)but this time, it was different. He decided to take his daughter along with him. She was only ten years old. This would be her first trip with her father on what he had always been famous for.
Larry first began diving when he was his daughter’s age. Similarly, his father had taken him along on one of his expeditions. Since then, he had never looked back. Larry started out by renting diving suits from the small diving shop just along the shore. He had hated them. They were either too big or too small. Then, there was the instructor. He gave him a short lesson before allowing him into the water with his father. He had made an exception. Larry would never have been able to go down without at least five hours of theory and another similar number of hours on practical lessons with a guide. Children his age were not even allowed to dive.
After the first expedition, Larry’s later diving adventures only got better and better. There was never a dull moment. In his black and blue suit and with an oxygen tank fastened on his back, Larry dived from boats into the middle of the ocean. Dangerous areas did not prevent him from continuing his search. Sometimes, he was limited to a cage underwater but that did not bother him. At least, he was still able to take photographs of the underwater creatures.
Larry’s first expedition without his father was in the Cayman Islands. There were numerous diving spots in the area and Larry was determined to visit all of them. Fortunately for him, a man offered to take him around the different Spots for free. Larry didn’t even know what the time was, how many spots he dived into or how many photographs he had taken. The diving spots afforded such a wide array of fish and sea creatures that Larry saw more than thirty varieties of creatures.
Larry looked at his daughter. She looked as excited as he had been when he was her age. He hoped she would be able to continue the family tradition. Already, she looked like she was much braver than had been then. This was the key to a successful underwater expedition.
小题1:In what way was this expedition different for Larry?| A．His daughter had grown up. | | B．He had become a famous diver. | | C．His father would dive with him. | | D．His daughter would dive with him. |
小题2:What can be inferred from Paragraph2?| A．Larry had some privileges. | | B．Larry liked the rented diving suits. | | C．Divers had to buy diving equipment. | | D．Ten-year-old children were permitted to dive. |
小题3:Why did Larry have to stay in a cage underwater sometimes?| A．To protect himself from danger. | | B．To dive into the deep water. | | C．To admire the underwater view. | | D．To take photo more conveniently. |
小题4:What can be learned from the underlined sentence?| A．Larry didn’t wear a watch. | | B．Larry was not good at math. | | C．Larry had a poor memory. | | D．Larry enjoyed the adventure. |
小题5:What did Larry expect his daughter to do?| A．Become a successful diver. | | B．Make a good diving guide. | | C．Take a lot of photo underwater. | | D．Have longer hours of training. |
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A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams than those who use laptops(笔记本电脑).
Students are increasingly using laptops for note-taking because of speed and legibility(清晰度).But the research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts they have been taught.
Researchers performed experiments that aimed to find out whether using a laptop increased the tendency to make notes "mindlessly" by taking down word for word what the professors said
In the first experiment, students were given either a laptop or pen and paper .They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note-taking skills. Thirty minutes after the talk , they were examined on their ability to remember facts and on how well they understood concepts.
The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand. However, the typists performed worse at remembering and applying the concepts. Both groups scored similarly when it came to memorizing facts.
The researchers" report said, "While more notes are beneficial, if the notes are taken mindlessly, as is more likely the case on a laptop, the benefit disappears."
In another experiment aimed at testing long-term memory, students took notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture. This time, the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantly better on the exam.
These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to superior revision in the future.
小题1:More and more students favor laptops for note-taking because they can .| A．write more notes | B．digest concepts better | | C．get higher scores | D．understand lectures better |
小题2:While taking notes, laptop users tend to be .| A．skillful | B．mindless | | C．thoughtful | D．tireless |
小题3:The author of the passage aims to .| A．examine the importance of long-term memory | | B．stress the benefit of taking notes by hand | | C．explain the process of taking notes | | D．promote the use of laptops |
小题4:The passage is likely to appear in .| A．a newspaper advertisement | B．a computer textbook | | C．a science magazine | D．a finance report |
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