Dreams can be familiar and strange, fantastical or boring, but some dreams might
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Dreams can be familiar and strange, fantastical or boring, but some dreams might be connected to the mental processes that help us learn. In a recent study, scientists found a connection between nap-time dreams and better memory in people who were learning a new skill.
In the study,99 college students between the ages of 18 and 30 each spent an hour on a compute, trying to get through a virtual maze（迷宫）.The maze was different place each time they tired—making it even more difficult. They were also told to find a particular picture of a tree and remember where it was.
For the first 90 minutes of a five-hour break, half of the participants stayed awake and an half were told to take a short nap .Participants who stayed awake were asked to describe their thoughts. Participants who took a nap were asked about their dreams before sleep and after sleep—and they were awakened within a minute of sleep to describe their dreams.
Stickgold, a neuroscientist（神经科学家）,wanted to know what people were dreaming about when their eyes weren＇t moving during sleep.
Four of the 50 people who slept said their dreams were connected to the maze. Some dreamed about the music that had been playing when they were working ; others said they dreamed about seeing people in the maze. When these four people tried the computer maze again, they were able to find the tree faster than before their naps.
Stickgold suggests the dream itself doesn‘t help a person learn—it＇s the other way around.He suspects that the dream was caused by the brain processes associated with learning.
All four of the people who dreamed about the task had done poorly the first time, which makes Stickgold wonder if the dreams show up when a person finds a new task particularly difficult. People who had other dreams, or people who didn＇t take a nap, didn＇t show the same improvement.
小题1:Before having a short nap, participants of the experiment were asked to .| A．stay in a different place in the maze | | B．design a virtual maze which is difficult to get through | | C．experience the experiment and try to remember something | | D．get through a virtual maze on a computer from the same place |
小题2:What can we learn from the text?| A．Participants who took a nap were required to express their thoughts. | | B．Some dreams may encourage people to invent something new. | | C．Participants who dreamed about films could finish the task more easily. | | D．Participants whose dreams had something to do with the maze could find the tree faster. |
小题3:According to Stickgold, .| A．every person may dream about what they learned | | B．people＇s brain processes may still be connected with their learning in their dreams | | C．once people＇s eyes stop moving, they are sure to dream about something | | D．no matter how fantastical or boring, dreams are connected with people＇s life |
小题4:What is the best title for this text?| A．Dreams Are Strange | B．Not All Dreams Are True | | C．Dreaming Makes Perfect | D．Stickgold, a Dream Expert |
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答案
小题1:C
小题2:D
小题3:B
小题4:C |
解析
试题分析：这是一项调查研究，目的是分析做梦和学习的关系，结果说明学习成果与人们做梦的内容有关。
小题1:细节题：较易，题目问：在小睡前，参与调查的人被要求做什么，根据文章第二段的句子：In the study,99 college students between the ages of 18 and 30 each spent an hour on a computer, trying to get through a virtual maze（迷宫）参与调查的人被要求做什么，体验这个实验，尽量记住一些事情。所以选C。A项说让这些人呆在迷宫的不同地方，而实际上这是一个虚拟迷宫。B项意思是让他们设计一个很难通过的迷宫。而文中介绍他们是参与调查不是设计迷宫的，D项是从同一个地方通过迷宫，这和第二段的句子：The maze was different place each time they tired是不符合的。
小题2:细节题：较易，题目问：从文章中可以了解到什么？根据文章第五段的句子：When these four people tried the computer maze again, they were able to find the tree faster than before their naps.可知梦和迷宫有关的人会更快找到树，所以选D。A项是参与者被要求表达他们的想法，而文章中介绍这些人小睡后，是被要求找迷宫里面的树，BC项文章中都没有出现。
小题3:细节题：根据Stickgold,定位到第六段的句子：He suspects that the dream was caused by the brain processes associated with learning.可以知道人们的大脑过程还和梦里面的学习有关。选B。A项是每个人都会做到和学习的东西有关的事情，文章提到是四个人做到和迷宫有关的事情，C项是：一旦人们的眼睛不动了，他们一定在梦到什么，这和第四段的句子：Stickgold, a neuroscientist（神经科学家）,wanted to know what people were dreaming about when their eyes weren＇t moving during sleep.不符，D项是.无论是空想的还是令人厌烦的，梦都和人的生活有联系，这不是Stickgold,的观点。
小题4:主旨题：结合全文的内容和第一段的主题句：In a recent study, scientists found a connection between nap-time (午睡时间) dreams and better memory in people who were learning a new skill.可知这篇文章讲的是做梦可以提高人们的记忆力，Dreaming Makes Perfect是最合适的标题，而A项是梦是奇怪的，B项是不是所有的梦都是真实的，都和文章没有关联，而D项：Stickgold一个做梦的专家，太片面。 |
举一反三
Farmers, especially in developing countries, are often criticized for cutting down forests. But a new study suggests that many farmers recognize the value of keeping trees.
Researchers using satellite images found at least ten percent tree cover on more than one billion hectares of farmland. That is almost half the farmland in the world. Earlier estimates were much lower but incomplete. The authors of the new study say it may still underestimate the true extent worldwide.
The study found the most tree cover in South America. Next comes Africa south of the Sahara, followed by Southeast Asia. North Africa and West Asia have the least.
The study found that climate conditions alone could not explain the amount of tree cover in different areas. Nor could the size of nearby populations, meaning people and trees can live together. There are areas with few trees but also few people, and areas with many trees and many people. The findings suggest that things like land rights, markets or government policies can influence tree planting and protection.
Dennis Garrity, who heads the World Agroforestry Center, says farmers are acting on their own to protect and plant trees. The problem, he says, is that policy makers and planners have been slow to recognize this and to support such efforts.
The satellite images may not show what the farmers are using the trees for, but trees provide nuts, fruit, wood and other products. They also help prevent soil loss and protect water supplies. Even under drought(干旱)conditions, trees can often provide food and a way to earn money until the next growing season.
Some trees act as natural fertilizers. They take nitrogen(氮气)out of the air and put it in the soil. Scientists at the Center say the use of fertilizer trees can re-duce the need for chemical nitrogen by up to three-fourths. Trees also capture carbon dioxide, a gas linked to climate change.
小题1:Through the study, the researchers found that .| A．there are more trees on farmlands than expected | | B．fewer trees are being cut in developing countries | | C．most farmers still don’t realize the value of trees | | D．trees play a key role in preventing climate change |
小题2:Which of the following has the least tree cover?| A．Southeast Asia | B．West Asia. | | C．South America. | D．Africa south of the Sahara. |
小题3:In Dennis Garrity’s opinion, .| A．most farmers care about nothing but their own interests | | B．there are usually few people living in areas with few trees | | C．government plays a small role in tree planting and protection | | D．government should support farmers in planting and protecting trees |
小题4:The sixth paragraph mainly tells about .| A．how farmers plant trees | | B．what products trees can bring | | C．the importance of trees to farmers | | D．the environmental value of tree cover |
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Want to travel as cheaply as possible while enjoying the great scenery as much as you like?
Backpacking is the way. As the most popular traveling choice among young western people, backpacking allows you to travel at your own free will. Carrying a tent, sleeping bag and clothes, backpackers also need to pack an attitude that will help them deal with many mental and physical challenges.
It is a thrill to put our ability to test and challenge ourselves with sorts of difficulties we might come across. So, backpacking is something young people can hardly deny.
Young people in Europe often travel around by train. Now, with plane tickets dropping in price, more are traveling to distant countries, such as Australia and China. And some just travel within their own countries.
But no matter where a backpacker travels, planning in advance is important if he or she wants to enjoy the trip.
Clothing
In summer, light, waterproof clothes are best. Backpackers must remember to travel lightly and not pack too many clothes.
Medicine
There are many medicines, especially for summer, such as those for sunstroke, snake bites and mosquitoes. Others are useful in every season, such as those for common colds, poisoning and diarrhea.
Cards
Three types of cards are of great value for backpacks: student Identity Card, personal ID and a credit card.
A student ID card can be helpful for saving money. It often gets train tickets and entrance tickets for cheaper prices in many Western countries.
Personal ID card can, not only get you out of trouble with local police, but also prove useful in all sorts of other situations.
Carrying a credit card can be a safe way of carrying money, as cash can easily get lost, stolen or wet.
And of course, don’t forget to enjoy your trip!
小题1:What does the underlined sentence mean?| A．Backpackers also need to be in high spirits when they want to travel. | | B．Backpackers may also face dangerous situations. | | C．Backpackers also need to talk with doctors about their traveling. | | D．Backpackers need to make preparation for many kinds of difficulty in advance. |
小题2:What does the underlined word “waterproof” mean?| A．Easy to wash. | B．Not letting water go through. | C．Washed without water. | D．Used in water. |
小题3:If you are stopped by a policeman in the street, you should show ______ to the police.| A．your student ID | B．your credit card | C．your personal ID | D．your passport |
小题4:What is of most advantage to backpackers?| A．They can travel very easily. | | B．They won’t worry about where to live. | | C．They can have the chance to take some adventures. | | D．They can take some physical exercise. |
小题5:What is the author’s purpose to write this passage?| A．To give some ideas about traveling. | | B．To encourage the young to travel. | | C．To tell people how to avoid something unpleasant. | | D．To offer some useful advice for traveling. |
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Going green is something that affects every single one of us. Whether by recycling those plastic water bottles, or by cutting down on electricity in your home, the importance of going green on a personal level is extremely important. But, when you’re a millionaire NBA basketball star, how do you help out the environment?
Yao Ming is a basketball player that plays for the Houston Rockets and has spoken out against hunting of sharks for fins, a delicious food in his native China. He is also the United Nations’ Environmental champion. His goal is to raise awareness of climate change and energy-saving. “I will work with young people across the world and try to inspire them to plant trees, harvest rainwater and to become environmental champions in their own communities.”
The Philadelphia Eagles, a professional American football team, are really doing their part to give back to the community. The Eagles Go Green page has a “Green Energy Calculator” and according to the web site fans have saved $ 73,674.90 a year and saved 666,320 pounds of CO2 per year. Also, the Eagles have set up a “Stop global warming virtual march（虚拟游行）on Washington”, a march across America for one year, through the Internet with a goal to bring fans together and to urge leaders to deal with the serious problem of global warming now.
Bob Burnquist, a Brazilian skateboarder, is a member of Action Sports Environmental Coalition and founder of a program that gets organic foods and farming into schools for healthy lunch programs. Bob also has a huge homegrown organic farm where he hosted a gathering in celebration of Earth Day.
Kelly Slater is a surfer and eight-time champion, but he also supports saving the coral reefs world wide. He has founded the Kelly Slater Invitational Competition which raises funds and awareness for Reef Check, which is able to get its message out to a large group of guests including professional surfers, film and music stars, and other famous people.
小题1:According to the passage, Yao Ming wants to ________.| A．help the Houston Rockets win the NBA championship | | B．ask the United Nations to protect sharks in China | | C．encourage young people to care about the environment | | D．train more young people to become players of NBA |
小题2:What have the Philadelphia Eagles done to help out the environment?| A．They have called on fans to do things to reduce global warming. | | B．They have marched on Washington to bring fans together. | | C．They have saved $ 73,674.90 for solving global warming. | | D．They have reduced CO2 emission by 666,320 pounds per year. |
小题3:Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last two paragraphs?| A．Bob Burnquist created Earth Day. | | B．Bob Burnquist eats only organic foods. | | C．Kelly Slater donated a lot of money. | | D．Kelly Slater held a competition. |
小题4:The best title for the passage would probably be _________.| A．Highly Competitive Athletes | | B．Environment-friendly Athletes | | C．World-famous Athletes | | D．Millionaire Athletes |
小题5:What can we learn from the passage?| A．Only famous people need to care about environmental problems. | | B．America is the country that takes best care of environment. | | C．Environmental problems have a common effect on everyone of us. | | D．Yao Ming’s goals to raise people’s awareness of environment are mainly about climate change and air pollution. |
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Among the four skills in learning English，which one of these is the “odd-man-out”? The answer is speaking．The other three you can do alone on your own．But you can’t really speak alone! Speaking to yourself can be “dangerous” because men in white coats may come and take you away!
Where can you find people to speak English? And how can you practise speaking when you are alone?
At school If you pay to go to a language school, you should use the opportunity to speak．If your teacher asks you to speak in pairs or groups with other students, try to say as much as possible．Don’t worry about your mistakes．Just speak!
Conversation Clubs Many cities around the world have conversation clubs where people can exchange one language for another．Look in your local newspaper to find a conversation club near you．They are usually free although some may charge a small entrance fee．
Shopping Even if you don’t want to buy anything，you can ask questions about products that interest you in a shop．“How much does this cost?” ‘‘Can I pay by cheque?” Often you can start a real conversation-and it costs you nothing!
Café and Bars There are often American，Britain，Irish and Australlan bars in many large cities．If you can find one，you’ll probably meet many people speaking English as a first or second language．
Language ia all aroundyou Everywhere you go，you find language．Shop names，street names，advertisements，notices，and car numbers—When you walk down the street，practise reading the words and numbers that you see．Say them to yourself. It’s not exactly a conversation, but it will help you to“think” in English．But don’t speak too loud!
Songs and Video Repeat the words of an English—language song singing with the music until it becomes automatic．It’s good practice for your memory and for the mouth muscles that you need for English．
Above all, speak as much as possible! Make as many mistakes as possible! When you know that you have made a mistake，you know that you have made progress!
小题1:What does “odd-man-out” probably mean according to the passage?| A．Someone or something appearing different from the others． | | B．Someone or something standing out of the group． | | C．Someone or something arranged in pairs． | | D．Someone or something that can be easily mistaken for another． |
小题2:What might happen if you speak to yourself loudly in public?| A．The police will take you away and punish you． | | B．The doctors will force you to stay in hospital． | | C．You will have to pay to escape being punished． | | D．You will be forbidden to be member of the club． |
小题3:In which places can you learn English NOT free of charge?| A．At school, in conversation clubs and café and bars． | | B．At school, in shops and café bars． | | C．In conversation clubs，shops，songs and video． | | D．In conversation clubs and in the streets． |
小题4:Why does the writer say “Make as many mistakes as possible”? Because ．| A．everyone will make mistakes in learning English | | B．everyone will meet people speaking English with some mistakes | | C．making mistakes is a must in making progress in learning English | | D．making mistakes can make one realize the importance of speaking |
小题5:According to the passage，which way is NOT likely to be accepted by English beginners?| A．Recite poems loudly along the riverside． | | B．Listen to some English fashion songs and video． | | C．Find an Englishman to speak English with． | | D．In class, try to practise in groups or pairs． |
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Butterflies are some of the most fascinating and beautiful insects in the world. Adult butterflies will live about 2 to 4 weeks. They use their senses of sight, touch, hearing, smell, and taste to survive in the world, find food and mates, lay eggs in an appropriate place, migrate, and avoid hungry enemies.
Butterflies have large compound eyes, which allow them to see in all directions without turning their heads. Like most insects, butterflies are very nearsighted, so they are more attracted to a sea of flowers than individual plants. Butterflies do not “see” colors such as red, green, and yellow, but they can sense sunlight, which indicates the direction the sun is shining, as well as ultraviolet light, which is present on many flowers and guides butterflies to honey sources.
Butterflies have a very well-developed sense of smell, but it is not in their nose, since they don"t have one. Sense receptors are located in their antennae, feet, and many other parts of the body. They can help butterflies find their favorite flower honey food, and mates.
Butterflies" feet have sense organs that can taste the sugar in flower honey, letting the butterflies know if something is good to eat or not. Some females also carefully choose host plants by tasting to find appropriate places to lay their eggs. Adult butterflies feed their babies using a long tube. Butterflies force blood into the tube to straighten it out, allowing them to feed. Butterflies get all their food from this tube.
Butterflies don"t have ears. Instead they “hear” sounds through their wings by sensing changes in sound vibrations.
Butterflies may possess senses we don"t even know about yet, because their body structure is very different from ours, and therefore difficult to understand, when observed through our own human senses.
小题1:The text mainly focuses on ________.| A．butterflies" living habits | B．butterflies" beauty | | C．butterflies" senses | D．butterflies" daily activities |
小题2:What can we learn from the 2nd paragraph?| A．Butterflies can see in all directions and don"t need to turn heads. | | B．Butterflies have good eyesight. | | C．Butterflies are sensitive to bright colors including red and yellow. | | D．Butterflies cannot sense the ultraviolet light. |
小题3:Why do female adult butterflies carefully choose the host plants?| A．To find highqualified honey. | | B．To have a good place for living. | | C．To make it easier for them to hide from the enemies. | | D．To find a proper place for their eggs. |
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