Our senses aren"t just delivering a strict view of what’s going on in the world;
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Our senses aren"t just delivering a strict view of what’s going on in the world; they"re affected by what’s going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who"ve just eaten.
Psychologists have known for decades that what"s going on inside our head affects our senses. For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Rémi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, France, wanted to investigate how this happens.
Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain’s high-1evel thinking processes get involved. Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index. On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.
For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word, each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they’d seen-a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.
Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception, not in thinking processes, Radel says. "This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs. "Radel says.
小题1:Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment?| A．Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach. | | B．Because Radel wanted to create two groups of testers, hungry and non-hungry. | | C．Because noon was not the right time for any experiment. | | D．Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index. |
小题2:What does the writer want to tell us?| A．Human’s senses aren’t just delivering a strict view of what’s going on in the world. | | B．What’s perceived by our senses affects our way of thinking. | | C．Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs. | | D．Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of our senses. |
小题3:What can we infer from the passage?| A．42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation. | | B．An experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable. | | C．Our thinking processes are independent of our senses. | | D．Humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:C
小题3:D |
解析
试题分析：文章大意：我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界；五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响，但是文章用一项Radel做的调查测试证明人类可以不受大脑思维的影响感知需要的东西。人的大脑是受我们的动机和需要支配。
小题1:细节题：根据文章第三段的描述： Radel为了保证42名学生到达实验室时是空腹, 所以要求他们中午到达. 然后告诉一部分学生实验时间推迟了, 请他们10分钟后再来. 他又请另外一部分学生用午餐. Radel用推迟实验的方法造就了两组实验者, 即饥饿组与饱食组. 选项B是答案.
小题2:主旨题：虽然A、B、D选项均可在文中找到对应部分, 而只属于细节, 而非主旨, 因此不能选. 本文最后一句From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs. "Radel says.给出了直接的答案，人的大脑受我们的动机和需要支配。选C。
小题3:细节题：选项A所说的实验样本的大小与本题主旨无关, 不是答案, 而是干扰项；B、C内容也不能直接从短文中推断出来. 选项D是答案. 最后一段第二句的“Humans Can really perceive what they need or what they strive for”可知人类可以不受大脑思维的影响感知需要的东西。为选择D项提供了依据. |
举一反三
Digital Trend: BOOKLESS LIBRARIES
What if you could fit all of a library’s collection in the palm of your hand? That’s part of the idea behind an upcoming bookless public library in San Antonio. Called Biblio Tech, the system will lend out e-readers loaded with 10,000 titles for two-to-three –week periods. But don"t bother holding on to the device longer than that because it’s programmed to go dead.
Other libraries have tried similar programs: In 2002, the Santa Rosa Branch Library in Tucson, Arizona, launched a digital-only facility, and a bookless project was proposed last year in Newport Beach, California. Those digital-only projects folded—residents wanted their paperbacks—but Stanford University maintains a successful bookless engineering library with over 65,000 titles. Officials say digital libraries are a low-cost way to educate the masses and argue their rise is inevitable.
Still, some insist print isn’t doomed. A recent Wall Street Journal article notes that e-book purchases skew（倾斜）heavily toward the sort of “light entertainment” novels you can pick up at the grocery store. A survey from the Pew Research Center shows that about 90 percent of digital readers still crack open physical books.( After all, there are only four Twilight books. How hard is it to drag those around?)
小题1:From the first paragraph, we can tell _____.| A．you can always keep all of the books in your hands, | | B．Biblio Tech will lend readers 10,000 books temporarily. | | C．the books will not be stored in your device forever. | | D．the bookless public library can be found in San Antonio now. |
小题2:The following statements are true except that _____.| A．the Santa Rosa Branch Library lend out e-readers with 10,000 books. | | B．the physical books are still popular despite those bookless projects. | | C．Stanford University sets a successful example of bookless engineering. | | D．some officials agree that digital libraries are educative and unavoidable. |
小题3:What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph 2?| A．succeeded | B．opened | C．accepted | D．failed |
小题4:Some people insist that print will not disappear because _____.| A．e-books are mainly sort of “light entertainment” novels. | | B．most of the digital readers prefer books about physics. | | C．a majority of e-reader users still choose to read paperbacks. | | D．it is easy to take 4 Twilight books everywhere. |
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It had been a difficult move. I’d left my family and friends in Indiana, the beloved state where I’d lived most of my life. My new home in Florida was thousands of miles away from anything I knew. It was hot—all the time. Jobs were hard to come by, but I was up for almost any challenge.
At last, I taught in a special school where students have severe learning and behavioral difficulties.
Another teacher and I had spent weeks teaching the children appropriate behavior for public outings. Unexpectedly, only a few students, including Kyle, had not earned the privilege of going. He was determined to make his disappointment known.
In the corridor(走廊) between classrooms, he began screaming, cursing, spitting, and swinging at anything within striking distance. Once his outburst died down, he did what he’d done when he was angry at all his other schools, at home, even once at a juvenile detention(拘留)center. He ran.
People watched in disbelief as Kyle dashed straight into the heavy morning traffic in front of the school.
I heard someone shout, “Call the police!”
But I ran after him.
Kyle was at least a foot taller than me. And he was fast. His older brothers were track stars at the nearby high school. But I could run long distances without tiring. I would at least be able to keep him in my sight and know he was alive.
After several blocks of running directly into oncoming traffic, Kyle slowed his pace.
He took a sharp left. Standing next to a trash bin, Kyle bent over with his hands on his knees. I must have looked ridiculous. But his was not a look of fear. I saw his body relax. He did not attempt to run again. Kyle stood still and watched me approach. I had no idea what I was going to say or do, but I kept walking closer.
He opened his mouth to speak when a police car pulled up, abruptly filling the space between Kyle and me. The school principal and an officer got out. They spoke calmly to Kyle, who willingly climbed into the back of the vehicle. I couldn’t hear what was said, but I didn’t take my eyes off Kyle’s face, even as they drove away.
I couldn’t help but feel that I had failed him, that I should have done or said more, that I should have fixed the situation.
I shared my feelings with a speech therapist who was familiar with Kyle’s history. “No one ever ran after him before, Rachel,” she said. “No one. They just let him go.”
Things changed the day he ran and I ran after him, even though I didn’t have the right words, even though I wasn’t able to save him from the mess he was in. It was the day I didn’t throw my hands in the air and decide he was too fast, a waste of time and effort , a lost cause. It was the day my mere presence was enough to make a profound difference.
小题1:From the passage we know that _____.| A．the author left her family to Florida because jobs were hard to come by in Indiana. | | B．students were allowed to go out after they passed some specific tests. | | C．the author worked in a school where students were excellent. | | D．no teacher had ever run after Kyle before except the author . |
小题2:Which of the following description about Kyle is not true?| A．He had some behavioral difficulties and once moved from one detention to another. | | B．He used to run out to let out his anger when he was in school,home or juvenile detention. | | C．Different from his brothers, he learned in a special school while not a normal high school. | | D．He was moved by his teacher who treated him with more patience and understanding. |
小题3:Which is the correct order of the trace?
①He burst out when he knew he couldn’t go out. ②I decided to run after him.
③Kyle stoppped beside a trash bin. ④A police car came and Kyle left with it.
⑤He rushed into the heavy morning traffic. ⑥Kyle slowed his pace.
⑦I walked toward Kyle.| A．①⑤②⑥③⑦④ | B．①⑤②④⑥⑦③ | | C．⑤④②⑥③⑦① | D．①②⑥⑦③④⑤ |
小题4:What is the best title of the passage?| A．Kyle, a Boy with Learning and Behavior Difficulties. | | B．The Teacher Who Ran. | | C．A School with Special Students. | | D．A Terrible Conflict. |
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Poor Oral Health Leads to Social and Emotional Problems
A new report says nearly four-billion people have major tooth decay, or cavities. That number represents more than half of the world"s population. Health officials are warning that failure to repair cavities can lead to social and emotional problems.
Wagner Marcenes is with the Institute of Dentistry at Queen Mary, University of London. He led a team of researchers as part of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. About 500 researchers attempt to collect and examine studies about all major diseases. They used the information to estimate rates of the infection.
The report says untreated tooth decay is the most common of all 291 major diseases and injuries. Professor Marcenes says cavities or holes in permanent teeth are also known as caries.
"Caries is a chronic disease that shares the same risk factors as cancer, cardiovascular disease. What we"re having now is an increase in disease from highly developed countries happening in sub-Saharan Africa and probably it will be in other areas of Africa, too."
He says an increase in tooth decay in Africa could be a result of developing countries becoming more like Western nations.
"It is likely to be related to a change in diet. Our industrialized diet leads to chronic disease, which includes caries. And that may be the main explanation."
Western diets are rich in sugar, a leading cause of health problems in the mouth. Wagner Marcenes says oral health problems can have a major effect on a person"s quality of life. First, cavities make eating difficult. Second, people may change what they eat. They may eat softer foods that are not hard to chew. However, softer foods are often fattier foods.
But professor Marcenes says the biggest issue in tooth decay is both social and mental. He says the researchers found strong evidence that the mouth has a big influence on socialization. He says many people want to hide bad teeth. They smile less and communicate less.
Wagner Marcenes is calling for an "urgent, organized, social response" to the widespread lack of oral health. He believes in a natural method to fight tooth decay by having a healthier diet. He is also calling for the development of new and less costly dental materials and treatments.
小题1:From the passage, we know that Wagner Marcenes ______.| A．works as the leader of the Institute of Dentistry at Queen Mary, University of London. | | B．and his researchers accumulate some studies to find out some ways to cure all major disease. | | C．is in charge of the activity to estimate the infection rate with the collected and examined studies about all major studies. | | D．thinks that the most serious problem caused by tooth decay is cancer that will last for a long time. |
小题2:Caries is a disease that ______.| A．is listed in the most common of all 291 major diseases and injuries which will last for a long time.. | | B．is closely related to industrialized diet which calls for people to eat slowly. | | C．increases in Africa now because developing countries are becoming developed countries. | | D．will cause phychological disorder which will affect people’s communication. |
小题3:The writer wrote this passage in order to ______.| A．arouse people’s concern about caries and take measures to deal with it. | | B．tell the result of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. | | C．warn people in Africa to adjust their diet to prevent caries. | | D．tell doctors that caries affects a person’s quality of life. |
小题4:What is the writer’s attitude towards tooth decay?| A．indifferent | B．concerned | C．angry | D．negative |
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Students in many countries are learning English. Some of these students are small children. Others are teen-agers. Many are adults. Some learn at school, others by themselves. A few learn English by learning the language over the radio, on TV, or in film. One must work hard to learn another language.
Why do all these people want to learn English? It is difficult to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects required for study. They study their own language and maths and English: Some people learn it because it is useful for their work. Many people learn English for their work. Many people learn English for their higher studies, because at college or university some of their books are in English. Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English.
小题1:People learn English _______.| A．at school | B．over the radio | | C．on TV | D．not all in the same way |
小题2:Different kinds of people want to learn English _______.| A．together with other subjects | B．for different reasons | | C．for their work | D．for higher studies at colleges |
小题3:From this passage we know that _______.| A．we can learn English easily | | B．English is very difficult to learn | | C．English is learned by most people in the world | | D．English is a useful language but one must work hard to learn |
小题4:Which of the following is right?| A．We don’t need to learn any foreign languages. | | B．We can do well in all our work without English. | | C．English is the most important subject in schools. | | D．We should learn English because we need to face the world. |
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Japanese students work very hard but many are unhappy. They feel heavy pressures(压力) from their parents. Most students are always told by their parents to study harder and better so that they can have a wonderful life in the future. Though this may be a good idea for those very bright students, it can have terrible results for many students who are not gifted(有天赋的) enough. Many of them have tried very hard at school but have failed in the exams and have their parents lose hope. Such students felt that they are hated by everyone else they meet and they don’t want to go to school any longer. They become dropouts.
It is surprising that though most Japanese parents are worried about their children, they do not help them in any way. Many parents feel that they are not able to help their children and that it is the teachers’ work to help their children. To make matters worse, a lot of parents serif their children to those schools opening in the evenings and on weekends — they only help the students to pass the exams and never teach them any real sense of the world.
Many Japanese schools usually have rules about everything from the students’ hair to their clothes and things in their school bags. Child psychologists(心理学家) now think that such strict rules are harmful to the feelings of the students. Almost 40% of the students said that no one had taught them how to get on with others, how to tell right from wrong and how to show love and care for others, even for their parents.
小题1:“Dropouts” are those who _______.| A．make troubles in and out of schools | | B．go about or stay home instead of being at school | | C．try hard but always fails in the exams | | D．lose hope and give up some of their subjects |
小题2:According to the passage, it’s necessary to teach students _______.| A．how to study well | B．how to get on with others | | C．to show love and care for others | D．All above |
小题3:Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?| A．The Trouble in Japanese Schools | | B．The Problems of Japanese Students | | C．Education in Japan | | D．The Pressures on the Students in Japan |
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