Secondhand smoke isn’t just a health threat to people．It can also hurt dogs and
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Secondhand smoke isn’t just a health threat to people．It can also hurt dogs and cats，veterinarians say．
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention，more than 126 million Americans who don"t smoke are exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes，vehicles，workplaces，and public places．This exposure causes thousands of lung cancer and heart disease deaths among nonsmokers every year，according to the California Environmental Protection Agency．
“Making the leap from the effects of secondhand smoke on humans to their effects on pets isn"t a big one,” says veterinarian （兽医专家） Carolynn MacAllister of Oklahoma State University．
“There have been a number of scientific papers recently that have reported the significant health threat secondhand smoke poses to pets,” MacAllister said．“Secondhand smoke has been associated with oral cancer and lymphoma in cats，lung and nasal cancer in dogs，as well as lung cancer in birds.”
Studies have also shown that dogs living in a smoking household are susceptible to cancers of the nose and sinus area，particularly if they are a long-nosed breed，because their noses have a greater surface area that is exposed to carcinogens and a greater area for them to accumulate．Dogs affected with nasal cancer normally don"t survive for more than one year．
“Short and medium-nosed dogs are more susceptible to lung cancer，because their shorter nasal passage aren"t as effective at accumulating the inhaled secondhand smoke carcinogens,” MacAllister said．“This results in more carcinogens （致癌物质） reaching the lungs.”
Birds are also at risk for lung cancer，as well as pneumonia，because their respiratory systems are hypersensitive to any type of air pollutant．
To help prevent animals from being adversely affected by smoking，pet owners who smoke should have a designated smoking area that is separated from the home or stop smoking altogether，MacAllister said．
小题1:From the passage，we can see secondhand smoke maybe not harmful to _______．| A．smokers | B．non-smokers | C．pets | D．trees |
小题2:What can be suggested according to the passage?| A．Smokers can smoke anywhere. | | B．Smokers can smoke at any time. | | C．Smokers should smoke in the designated place. | | D．Smokers must give up smoking at once. |
小题3:What kind of dogs are likely to suffer from nasal cancer?| A．Long-nosed dogs | B．Short-nosed dogs | | C．Medium-nosed dogs | D．Dogs without noses |
小题4:The best title of the passage is __________.| A．Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in People | | B．Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Birds | | C．Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Pets | | D．Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Cats |
小题5:What is the meaning of the underlined phrase “are susceptible to”?| A．are likely to be harmed by | | B．are hard to be influenced by | | C．are less to be effected by | | D．are lucky to be caught by |
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答案
小题1:D
小题2:C
小题3:A
小题4:C
小题5:A |
解析
小题1:细节理解题。根据文章的第一段“Secondhand smoke isn"t just a health threat to people．It can also hurt dogs and cats, veterinarians say．”可知二手烟的危害，但未提及树。
小题2:推理判断题。ABD三个选项太绝对。C项是建议抽烟者在指定的地方吸烟。
小题3:细节理解题。根据第五段可知长鼻子品种的狗易换这种癌症。
小题4:主旨大意题。这篇文章以狗为例着重讲了二手烟对宠物的危害，
小题5:词义猜测题。BC中的hard和less与文章不符。利用带入法A是正确的。 |
举一反三
Howling(吼叫) is a behavior commonly observed among a wolf pack(狼群). As pack animals, wolves work together to hunt and rely on howling as an important means of communication among each other. There’re different explanations of a wolf’s howl and it appears that there may be more to discover．
One theory is that wolves howl to bond better together. It’s almost as if howling together helps the pack stay together. Perhaps something similar to people feeling a sense of involvement with each other when singing a song together. But this theory may be wrong, explains Fred H. Harrington, a professor who studies wolf behavior.
Indeed, there have been times when wolves have been seen one moment howling in a chorus(合唱), and the next, quarreling among each other. It appears that usually the lowest-ranking members of the pack may actually be “punished” for joining in the chorus at times. So is howling a way to strengthen a social bond or just a way to reconfirm status (地位) among its members? Why do wolves howl for sure?
What is clear, however, is that howling is often used among pack mates to locate each other. Hunting grounds are distant and it happens that wolves may separate from one another at times. When this happens, howling appears to be an excellent means of gathering.
Howling, interestingly, is a contagious behavior. When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will follow. This is often seen to occur in the morning, as if wolves were doing some sort of “roll call” where wolves all howl together to report their
小题1:What is the possible similarity between wolves’ howling together and human’s singing in chorus?| A．The act of calling each other． | | B．The sense of accomplishment． | | C．The act of hunting for something． | | D．The sense of belonging to a group． |
小题2:Why does Harrington think the “social bond” theory may be wrong?| A．Wolves separate from each other after howling． | | B．Wolves tend to protect their hunting grounds． | | C．Wolves sometimes have quarrels after howling together． | | D．Wolves of low rank are encouraged to join in the chorus． |
小题3:Researchers are sure that wolves often howl to______．| A．show their ranks | B．find their companions | | C．report the missing ones | D．express their loneliness |
小题4:“Howling… is a contagious behaviour”（in the last paragraph）means_______．| A．howling is a signal for hunting | | B．howling is a way of communication | | C．howling often occurs in the morning | | D．howling spreads from one to another |
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Are you a compulsive spender，or do you hold on to your money as long as possible? Are you a bargain hunter? Would you rather use charge accounts than pay in cash? Your answers to these questions will reflect your personality．According to psychologists，our individual money habits not only show our beliefs and values，but can also stem from past problems．
Experts in psychology believe that for many people，money is an important symbol of strength and influence．Husbands who complain about their wives’ spending habits may be afraid that they are losing power in their marriage．Wives，on the other hand，may waste huge amounts of money because they are angry at their husbands．In addition，many people consider money a symbol of love．They spend it on their family and friends to express love，or they buy themselves expensive presents because they need love．
People can be addicted to different things —for example，alcohol，drugs，certain foods，or even television．They are compulsive in their addictions，i．e．they must satisfy these needs to feel comfortable．In the same way，according to psychologists，compulsive spenders must spend money．
For people who buy on credit，furthermore，charge accounts are even more exciting than money：in other words，they feel that with credit，they can do anything．Their pleasures in spending enormous amounts are actually greater than those they get from the things they buy．
There is even a special psychology of bargain hunting．To save money，of course，most people look for sales，low prices，and discounts．Compulsive bargain hunters，however，often buy things that they don’t need just because they are cheap．They want to believe that they are helping their budgets，but they are really playing an exciting game：when they can buy something for less than other people，they feel that they are winning．Most people，experts claim，have two reasons for their behavior：a good reason for the things that they do and the real reason．
It is not only scientists，of course，who understand the psychology of spending habits，but also business people．Stores，companies，and advertisers use psychology to increase business：they consider people’s needs for love，power，or influence，their basic values，their beliefs and opinions， etc．in their advertising and sales methods．
Psychologists often use a method called “behavior therapy（疗法）”to help individuals solve their personality problems．In the same way，they can help people who feel that they have problems with money：they give them “assignments” If a person buys something in every store that he enters， for instance，a therapist might teach him self discipline in this way：on the first day of his therapy， he must go into a store，stay five minutes，and then leave．On the second day，he should stay for ten minutes and try something on．On the third day，he stays for fifteen minutes，asks the salesclerk a question，but does not buy anything．Soon he will learn that nothing bad will happen to him if he doesn’t buy anything，and he can solve the problem of his compulsive buying．
小题1:If you use charge accounts， ．| A．you pay in cash | | B．you pay less than you should | | C．you pay with credit card | | D．you pay more than you should |
小题2:Compulsive bargain hunters buy things for all the following reasons except that ．| A．the things they buy are cheap | | B．they believe they can balance their budgets | | C．they get psychological satisfaction | | D．they really need the things they buy |
小题3:Behavior therapy in this case aims at ．| A．helping businessmen to increase their business | | B．helping compulsive spenders to buy less | | C．finding out how people will react if they are allowed to buy | | D．finding out what people will do in front of a bargain |
小题4:The underlined word “those” in Paragraph 3 refers to ．| A．different things | | B．their addictions | | C．their pleasures | | D．charge accounts |
小题5:From the passage we can conclude that ．| A．how you spend money reveals if you are psychologically healthy | | B．money is a necessity and will bring you happiness if you have much | | C．compulsive buying problems can be solved by taking some medicine | | D．all businessmen understand well the psychology of customers |
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PALO ALTO, California----"Switching off the television may help prevent children from getting fatter---- even if they do not change their diet or increase the amount they exercise," US researchers said last week.
A study of 192 third and fourth graders, generally aged eight and nine, found that children who cut the number of hours spent watching television gained nearly two pounds(0.9kg) less over a one-year period than those who did not change their television diet.
"The findings are important because they show that weight loss can only be the result of a reduction in television viewing and not any other activity," said Thomas Robinson, a pediatrician(儿科专家) at Stanford University.
"American children spend an average of more than four hours per day watching television and videos or playing video games, and rates of childhood being very fat have doubled over the past 20 years," Robinson said.
In the study, presented this week to the Pediatric Academic Societies‘ annual meeting in San Francisco, the researchers persuaded about 100 of the students to reduce their television viewing by one-quarter to one-third.
Children watching fewer hours of television showed a significantly smaller increase in waist size and had less body fat than other students who continued their normal television viewing, even though neither group ate a special diet or took part in any extra exercise.
"One explanation for the weight loss could be the children unstuck to the television may simply have been moving around more and burning off calories," Robinson said.
"Another reason might be due to eating fewer meals in front of the television. Some studies have suggested that eating in front of the TV encourages people to eat more," Robinson said.
小题1:The author tries to tell us in the first two paragraphs that ________.| A．children will get fatter if they eat too much | | B．children will get thinner if they eat less | | C．children will get fatter if they spend less time watching TV | | D．children will get fatter if they spend more time watching TV |
小题2:According to the passage, the time American children usually spend on watching TV_____.| A．is more than four hours a day | | B．is less than four hours a day | | C．doubled in the last twenty years | | D．is more than on any other activities |
小题3:The time children spend on TV viewing every day is suggested to be about| A．six hours | B．eight hours | C．three hours | D．one hour |
小题4:Why can watching TV increase kids’ weight according to the passage?
A. They usually eat more while watching TV.
B. They burn off fewer calories.
C. They change their diet while watching TV.
D. Both A and B. |
Lawmakers in the United States have expanded an investigation into the use of location-tracking systems on mobile devices. The action follows recent reports about the storing of information on the Apple iPhone. Some people consider location tracking to be a threat to personal privacy and security.
Allan Friedman, the research director, says, “All wireless companies do some location tracking as part of their networks. This information is usually stored by the companies, not the devices, and there are laws to protect it. Law enforcement(执法) agencies, for example, have to have a fairly high standard before it can access that data. And the phone company is also prohibited from selling that information.
Now, two researchers report that location tracking information is being stored directly on Apple devices. They said Apple’s newest operating systems gather global positioning system and timestamp information. The information is stored on the device in a file that is also uploaded (上传) to any computer that the device is connected to. The researchers say the information is available to anyone who has access to the device or computer.
Allan Friedman says, “This raises additional concerns. There’s the idea that because it’s on my phone and on my computer, rogue applications(恶意程序) that I pay for or that I’m tricked into downloading may be able to access this data and somehow misuse it.”
Apple says it is “not tracking the location of your iPhone”. It is simply keeping a database of Wi-Fi hotspots and cell phone towers near the user’s location. This information is meant to help the iPhone quickly find its location when needed.
Letters have been sent to some of the leading mobile device developers, including Apple and Google. The letters asked for more information about their location tracking systems. Allan Friedman calls this an important start to strengthening privacy laws. He says, “There aren’t strong controls over things like location information, what they are doing with it, how long they are keeping it. And perhaps the most important question is, is my location data with other facts about me?”
小题1:Why did American lawmakers investigate the use of location-tracking systems on cell-phones?| A．Because the systems can store users’ information | | B．Because many users have suffered loss after using them. | | C．Because it is thought to threaten users’ privacy. | | D．Because many reporters have shown the problem of the systems. |
小题2:Allan Friedman believes that ________.| A．wireless companies focus on personal privacy. | | B．people are forbidden to get access to private data at will | | C．phone companies may sell private information secretly | | D．customers may ask wireless companies to locate their tracking |
小题3:What do we know from Paragraph 3?| A．Location tracking information is stored online. | | B．Apple’s newest operating systems collect all kinds of information. | | C．Location tracking information may be uploaded to any iPhone. | | D．Apple’s newest operating systems may reveal the private information of users. |
小题4:Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?| A．Apple denies that it tracks the location of users. | | B．The researchers may misunderstand the Apple’s systems. | | C．The global positioning system is to blame for rogue applications. | | D．The iPhone can quickly find its location by using its user’s information. |
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Can you imagine living in a house built by recycled waste?
Texas home builder Dan Phillips transforms trash into artful treasures, creating beautiful floors with wood pieces, kitchen counters from ivory -colored bones and roofs out of license plates （牌照）．
The fantastic houses which spring from his imagination are made almost entirely of materials which would otherwise have ended up in a garbage area．
" People have been doing this for hundreds of thousands of years; using whatever is available to build shelter, " Phillips said．"If you think about carefully what could be used, then building materials are everywhere．
The thirteen homes he has built so far would fit better in an art museum than the residential streets of Huntsville, a conservative town of about 35 ,000 people．
Living in these houses is a bit like living in a roadside attraction．"Almost every day, somebody knocks on the door and says " Is there any way that we could see?" "said Edie Wells, an artist who rents a room in the Bone House．Her home features a stairway made of bones, floors covered in wine corks （软木塞） and beer bottle caps．Wells said visitors are most impressed when they see a bathroom with its walls, floor and ceiling entirely covered with broken mirror pieces．
In addition, each house is highly energy efficient with plenty insulation （隔热材料） , an on-demand solar hot water heater and a system that can collect and recycle rainwater to clean the toilet and wash clothes．
Phillips founded Phoenix Commotion 12 years ago with the aim of creating a new model for sustainable housing．For as little as $ 10,000 it builds affordable homes for single parents, low-income families and artists．
The company has used hundreds of tons of construction waste by recycling the materials into habitable buildings．
Phillips tries to spread his recycled-house idea by speaking at events across the United States, and by using the Internet to reach out to like-minded individuals．Phillips said: "I"m not going to be saving the world anytime soon．But there needs to be at least some visibility for this model in this century．
小题1:Which of the following is NOT the advantage of the homes built by Phillips?| A．environmentally-friendly | B．energy efficient | | C．convenient | D．cheap |
小题2:What do we know about Dan Phillips?| A．He is serious and hard-working． | | B．He is full of imagination and intelligence． | | C．It didn"t take him long to build the houses． | | D．He didn"t give speeches in the United States． |
小题3:According to the passage, the houses are like artful treasures because they are .| A．made of bones | B．museums | | C．admired by people | D．made of various trash |
小题4:Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?| A．Home Builder Dan Phillips | | B．Green Homes | | C．Home Builder Dan Phillips Tunis Trash into Green Homes | | D．A Home Builder" s Life |
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