It is common for older people to forget things. Now an American study has found
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It is common for older people to forget things. Now an American study has found that memory starts to fail when we are young adults. People younger than thirty years of age usually do not know that they are starting to forget information. But scientists from the University of Michigan say the loss of memory has usually already started.
Researchers say people do not observe this slow reduction in mental ability until the loss affects their everyday activities.
Denise Park led the new study. She directs the Centre for Aging and Cognition at the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. Her team studied more than 350 men and women between the ages of twenty and ninety years. The study identified people in their middle twenties with memory problems.
She says young adults do not know they are forgetting things because their brains have more information than they need.
But she says that people in their twenties and thirties are losing memory at the same rate as people in their sixties and seventies.
Ms. Park says people between the ages of sixty and seventy may note the decrease in their mental abilities. They begin to observe that they are having more trouble remembering and learning new information.
The study found that older adults are more likely to remember false information as being true. For example, they remembered false medical claims as being true. Younger people remembered hearing the information. But they were more likely to remember that it was false.
Ms. Park is now using modern imaging equipment to study what happens in the brains of people of different ages. She is studying what parts of the brain older adults use for different activities compared to younger adults. Ms. Park says mental performance is a direct result of brain activity and brain structure. She says keeping the brain active is important. She hopes future studies will identify ways to improve the operation of our aging minds.
小题1:The passage is meant to _____________.| A．emphasize the importance of exercising the brain | | B．analyze the difference between different age groups on the loss of memory | | C．reveal the decrease in mental ability of young adults as well as older adults | | D．introduce effective ways to improve memory |
小题2: According to the passage, young adults differ from older adults in that ________.| A．they lose their memory at a slower rate | | B．they rarely realize they have memory problems | | C．their brains can store much more information | | D．all of the above |
小题3: Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?| A．Not until the loss of memory affects their daily activities, do people notice the decrease in their mental abilities. | | B．People begin to lose memory in their twenties. | | C．Older people tend to remember false information as being true. | | D．Younger people find it easier to remember the information that is proven false. |
小题4:It can be inferred from what Denis Park says that ______.| A．mental performance can be improved | | B．mental ability is determined entirely by brain structure | | C．people of different ages use different parts of the brain for memorizing | | D．different parts of the brain are responsible for different mental activities |
小题5:Which of the following is a suitable title for the passage?| A．The Mysterious Brain | B．The Ability to Forget | | C．Memory Reduction | D．Mental Performance |
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答案
小题1:C
小题1:B
小题1:D
小题1:A
小题1:C |
解析
| 略 |
举一反三
As in the field of space travel, new technologies continue to appear in undersea exploration. They share a number of similarities with each other — as well as some important differences.
Manned submersibles (潜水器), like spaceships, must maintain living conditions in an unnatural environment. While a spaceship must simply be sealed against the vacuum space, a submersible must be able to bear extreme pressure if it is not to break up in deep water.
In exploring space, unmanned vehicles were employed before astronauts. In undersea exploration, on the other hand, men paved the way, and only recently have unmanned remote-operated vehicles (ROVs) been put to use.
One reason for this is that communicating with vehicles in orbit is much easier than talking to those underwater. A vacuum is an ideal medium for radio communications, but underwater communications are limited to much slower sound waves. Thus, most undersea vehicles — particularly ROVs — operate at the end of long ropes.(电缆终端)
For a similar reason, knowing where you are undersea is much more difficult than in space. A spaceship’s position can be located by following its radio signal, or by using telescopes and radar. For an undersea vehicle, however, a special network of sonar （声纳系统）devices must be laid out in advance on the ocean floor in the area of a dive to locate the vehicle’s position.
Though undersea exploration is more challenging than outer space in a number of respects, it has a distinct advantage: going to the ocean depths doesn’t require the power necessary to escape Earth’s gravity. Thus, it remains far less expensive.
小题1:The purpose of the passage is ______.| A．to persuade you to explore the depths of the ocean | | B．to stress the importance of the undersea exploration | | C．to make you believe that the undersea exploration is better | | D．to tell some differences between two kinds of explorations |
小题2: By saying “men paved the way” in Paragraph 2 the author means that in undersea exploration ______.| A．unmanned vehicles were used in the beginning | | B．men covered the ocean floor with stones and bricks | | C．manned vehicles were employed before unmanned ones | | D．men invented unmanned remote-operated vehicles in the past |
小题3:The sonar devices must be placed ______.| A．from time to time | | B．after the undersea vehicles dive | | C．before the undersea vehicles dive | | D．when the undersea vehicles are diving |
小题4:What can we infer from the passage?| A．Submersibles usually break up in deep water. | | B．Undersea vehicles can receive signals immediately. | | C．Going to space needs power to escape the gravity. | | D．Radio communications are quite difficult in a vacuum. |
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If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.
If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses" convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that"s God." came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he"s a doctor."
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it"ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman"s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn"t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff(即兴的)remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it"s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don"t succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
小题1:To make your humor work, you should ________.| A．take advantage of different kinds of audience | | B．make fun of the disorganized people. | | C．address different problems to different people. | | D．show sympathy for your listeners. |
小题2: The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.| A．impolite to new arrivals. | | B．very conscious of their godlike role. | | C．entitled to some privileges. | | D．very busy even during lunch hours. |
小题3: It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.| A．have benefited many people. | | B．are the focus of public attention. | | C．are an inappropriate subject for humor. | | D．have often been the laughing stock. |
小题4:To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.| A．in well-worded language. | B．as awkwardly as possible. | | C．in exaggerated statement. | D．as casually as possible. |
小题5: The best title for the text may be ________.| A．Use Humor Effectively. | B．Various Kinds of Humor. | | C．Add Humor to Speech. | D．Different Humor Strategies. |
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Learning new words is learning new ideas: High school students can take control of
their learning by always looking up new words and finding out what they mean. They should keep a dictionary and a thesaurus close at hand.
Make clear lists: Students should make a list of everything that they need to get done. They should check off assignments（作业）once completed. They should include clear due dates.
Make a commitment: Active learners will resolve to keep up –to-date from the start. They will avoid procrastinating. They will complete most of their work as early as possible.
Independent work is best: Students will do all assignments independently—they will never copy! Students who copy are passive learners. Passive learners do not give their mind a chance to think on its own.
Organization is key: Students should keep an excellent folder and notebook. All problems should be clearly stated and solutions given. All tests and quizzes should be corrected and used as study guides for exams and finals.
All actions without solutions are dead: Active learners will always show their work needed to solve a problem. Active learners will never turn in a list of answers without giving an explanation or a solution.
Advanced reading: Students should do any required reading for the topic before class. They should write an outline of the section or chapter. They should actively take notes as they read to help them remember.
小题1:If you want to be successful in exams and finals you should .| A．give your mind a chance to think on its own | | B．check off your papers once completed | | C．keep an excellent folder and notebook | | D．hand in your homework on time |
小题2:What does the underlined word” procrastinating” mean?| A．be active doing something | | B．finishing doing something | | C．delaying doing something | | D．doing something ahead |
小题3:The best title of the passage is “ ”.| A．How to Be an Effective Reader | | B．How to Get Good Scores in Tests | | C．How to Collect Academic Information | | D．How to Actively Study in High School |
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Imagine that the genome (基因组) is a book. The book consists of 23 chapters with thousands of stories made up of paragraphs, words and letters on different levels. There are one billion words in the book, which makes it longer than 5,000 volumes the size of this book, or as long as 800 Bibles. If I read the genome out to you at the rate of one word per second for eight hours a day, it would take me a century. If I wrote out the human genome, one letter per millimeter, my text would be as long as the River Danube. This is an enormous document. A huge volume, a cook book of great length, and it all fits inside the extremely small nucleus (核) of a tiny cell that fits easily upon the head of a pin.
The idea of the genome as a book is not, strictly speaking, even a metaphor (比喻), It is true to a great extent. A book is a piece of digital information, written in one-directional form and defined by a code that translates a small alphabet of letters into a large dictionary of meanings through the order of their groupings. So is a genome. The only complication is that all English books read from left to right, while some parts of the genome read from left to right, and some from right to left, though never both at the same time.
While English books are written in words of different lengths using twenty-six letters. Genomes are written entirely in three-letter words, using only four letters, And instead of being written on flat pages, they are written on long chains of DNA molecules (分子), The genome is a very clever book, because in the right conditions it can both photocopy itself and read itself.
小题1:How do human genomes read according to the passage?| A．Only from left to right. | B．Only from right to left. | | C．From both directions at the same time | D．From one direction at a time |
小题2:We can learn from the passage that the human genome ______.| A．is as long as the River Danube | | B．can be easily placed on the head of a pin | | C．is coded with and alphabet of four letters | | D．is smart enough to read and take photos of itself |
小题3:It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for ______.| A．specialists in the field | B．general readers | | C．natural scientists | D．readers with academic background |
小题4:The real purpose of the author’s comparison of the genome to a book is ______.| A．to focus on the differences between the two | | B．to lay emphasis on the similarities between the two | | C．to simplify the concept of the human genome | | D．to give an exact description of the human genome |
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What is the relationship between violence and sports? Psychologists say that there are many reasons for violence at sports events. One is alcohol. Many fans drink a lot at games. When people drink, they are more likely to do abnormal things. Psychologist Dennis Brock says, “Quiet people become loud. Normally nonviolent people become destructive． ”
David Sampson, a sports sociologist, says, “These are often celebratory riots— a large number of very happy people mixed in with large amounts of alcohol. They don’t often seem dangerous in the beginning, but things get violent quickly． ”
Another reason for violence at sports events is the crowd. When individuals are in a large group of people, they can lose their sense of personal responsibility. Edward Hirt, a social Psychologist, says that research shows that people do things in crowds that they would never do alone. People in crowds feel anonymous — no one knows who they are. Crowds also make people feel powerful. They stop making personal decisions. They just follow the crowd. Social psychologists call this a “mob mentality．”
Dave Zarifis, head of public safety says, “Some people don’t even come to celebrate. They want to drink hard and make trouble. Someone does something stupid, and it grows from there. You get a mob mentality. People think it’s OK to do almost anything. They think, ‘There are so many of us and not enough of them． ’ ”
Social psychologist Dr. Sharon Kennedy says that there are some things officials can do to prevent violence. Making sure that an area is not overcrowded is very important. Officials should also think of games as “big parties．” Then they will prepare differently. Kennedy says that in Great Britain they are controlling the problem with cameras in all the stadiums. “When you know someone is watching, you are much less likely to behave badly． ”
小题1:Which of the following best gives the main idea of the first two paragraphs? | A．There’s a connection between violence and sports | | B．One cause of violence at sports events is alcohol． | | C．There are many reasons for violence at sports events． | | D．David Sampson and Dennis Brock have the same opinion． |
小题2:Which of the following does NOT belong to a “mob mentality”?| A．“I must drink some alcohol to stop myself feeling shy． ” | | B．“ It’s safe to do what many people are doing． ” | | C．“There are so many of us and not enough of them． ” | | D．“ No one knows I’m doing this． ” |
小题3:How many experts are quoted by the writer of this passage?| A．Two． | B．Four． | C．Three． | D．Five． |
小题4:The last paragraph is mainly about ______．| A．how to turn games into big parties | | B．why to install cameras in stadiums | | C．how to prevent violence at sports events | | D．how to avoid oneself behaving badly |
小题5:What lesson can we learn from this passage?| A．Never drink any alcohol no matter where you are． | | B．Whenever you are watching a game, you should keep quiet． | | C．Never follow blindly no matter how many people are doing something． | | D．Be careful when you are at a stadium because there are cameras there． |
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