Against the supposition that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia warm the
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Against the supposition that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia warm the climate, scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space. This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest fires to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions. Usually large fires destroyed forests in these areas over the past decade. Scientists predict that with climate warming, fires may occur more frequently over the next several centuries as a result of a longer fire season. Sunlight taken in by the earth tends to cause warming, while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling. This is the first study to analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate. Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat. Scientists found that right after the fire, large amounts of greenhouse gases entered the atmosphere and caused warming. Ozone(臭氧) levels increased, and ash from the fire fell on far-off sea ice, darkening the surface and causing more radiation from the sun to be taken in. The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling. “We need to find out all possible ways to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.” Scientists tracked the change in the amount of radiation entering and leaving the climate system as a result of the fire, and found a measurement closely related to the global air temperature. Typically, fire in northern regions occurs in the same area every 80 to 150 years. Scientists, however, found that when fire occurs more frequently, more radiation is lost from the earth and cooling results. Specifically, they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicted, 0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space. The net effect is cooling. Watts are used to measure the rate at which energy is gained or lost from the earth. 小题1:According to the new findings, taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may __________.A.result in a warming climate | B.cause the forest fires to occur more frequently | C.lead to a longer fire season | D.protect the forests and the environment there | 小题2:The following are all the immediate effects after a forest fire EXCEPT __________.A.large amounts of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere | B.the levels of ozone which is a type of oxygen increase | C.snow on the ground mirrors more sunlight back into space | D.ashes from the fire fall on the ice surface and take in more radiation from the sun | 小题3:Earlier studies about northern forest fires __________.A.analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate | B.indicate that forest fires will pollute the atmosphere | C.suggest that people should take measures to protect environment | D.suggest that the fires will speed up climate warming | 小题4:The underlined phrase “soak up” in the last paragraph most probably means __________.A.released | B.absorbed | C.created | D.distributed | 小题5:From the passage we can draw a conclusion that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia may __________.A.warm the climate as the supposition goes | B.allow more snow to reflect more sunlight into space and thus cool the climate | C.destroy large areas of forests and pollute the far-off sea ice | D.help to gain more energy rather than release more energy |
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答案
小题1:A 小题2:C 小题3:D 小题4:B 小题5:B |
解析
小题1:根据第二段第一句 This finding suggests …… 可知 小题2:根据第四段可知 小题3:根据第三段可知 小题4:根据……but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space 可知soak up 与sent back 的意思相反 小题5:根据第一段 Against the supposition…… scientists have discovered that……可知 |
举一反三
Sorry to say, our brains naturally start slowing down at the Cruelty young age of 30. It used to be thought that this couldn"t be helped, but new studies show that people of any age can train their brains to work faster. "Your brain is a learning machine," says University of California scientist Dr. Michael Merzenich. Given the right tools, we can train our brains to act like they did when we were younger. All that"s required is the practice designed just for the purpose: a few exercises for the mind. Merzenich has developed a computer-based training method to speed up the process(过程) in which the brain deals with information (positscience.com). Since much of the data we receive comes through speech, the Brain Fitness Program works with language and hearing to better speed and accuracy (准确性). Over the course of training, the program starts asking you to distinguish (辨别) sounds (between "dog" and "bog", for example) at an increasingly faster speed. It"s a bit like tennis instructor, says Merzenich, hitting balls at you ~faster and faster to keep you challenged(受到挑战). You may start out slow, but before long you"re pretty quick. The biggest finding in brain research in the last ten years is that the brain at any age is highly plastic. If you ask your brain to learn, it will learn. And it may even speed up while in the process. To keep your brain young and plastic you can do one of a million new activities that challenge and excite you: playing table tennis or bridge, doing crossword puzzles, learning a language.... "When it comes to preventing ageing, you really do "use it or lose it" ," says Barbara Sahakian, professor at Cambridge University. 小题1:Dr. Merzenich’s training method mainly depends on ________. A.speech training | B.computer languages | C.the activities one joins in | D.the information being dealt with | 小题2: By saying "the brain at any age is highly plastic ", the writer probably means the brain can be______. A.used | B.mastered | C.developed | D.researched | 小题3:What can we learn from the text?A.Practice makes a quick mind. | B.Brain research started ten yeas ago. | C.Dr. Merzenich is a scientist in computer, | D.People believed nothing could stop the brain slowing down. | 小题4: Which of the following agrees with the writer"s idea?A.The training methods work better for the old. | B.People should use the brain to stop it from ageing. | C.The training of the brain should start at an early age. | D. It"s necessary to take part in as many activities as possible. |
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People turn to magic(魔力)chiefly as a form of insurance--that is, they use it along with actions that actually bring results. For example, hunters may use a hunting charm(咒语). But they also use their hunting skills and knowledge of animals. The charm may give hunters the extra confidence they need to hunt even more successfully than they would without it. If they shoot a lot of game(猎物), they credit the charm for their success. Many events happen naturally without magic. Crops grow without it, and sick people get well without it. But if people use magic to bring a good harvest or to cure a patient, they may believe the magic was responsible. People also tend to forget magic"s failures and to be impressed by its surface successes. They may consider magic successful if it appears to work only 10 per cent of the time. Even when magic fails, people often explain the failure without doubting the power of the magic. They may say that the magician made a mistake in reciting the spell or that another magician cast a more powerful spell against the magician. Many anthropologists(人类学家) believe that people have faith in magic because they feel a need to believe in it. People may turn to magic to reduce their fear and uncertainty if they feel they have no control over the outcome of a situation. For example, farmers use knowledge and skill when they plant their fields. But they know that weather, insects, or diseases might ruin the crops. So farmers in some societies may also plant a charm or perform a magic rite to ensure a good harvest. 小题1:From the passage, we can learn that the writer of the passage may be _______.A.a hunter | B.a farmer | C.a magician | D.an anthropologist | 小题2:Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?A.Magic and Hunting. | B.Magic and Farming. | C.Why Magic Works? | D.Why People Believe in Magic? | 小题3:The underlined word “spell”(Paragraph 2) most likely means______. A.magic words. | B.magic events. | C.words or expressions | D.magicians. |
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How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(经验的,实证的) basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused and lead to relaxation. Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room"s ceiling affects how people think. Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook. In additions to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant"s ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention. Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design & Planning Laboratory at the University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots. Recent study on room lighting design suggests than dim(暗淡的) light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax. So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. "We have a very limited number of studies, so we"re almost looking at the problem through a straw(吸管)," architect David Allison says. "How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them? That"s what we"re all struggling with." 小题1:What does Joan Meyers-Levy focus on in her research?A.Light. | B.Ceilings. | C.Windows. | D.Furniture. | 小题2:The passage tells us that ______.A.the shape of furniture may affect people"s feelings | B.lower ceilings may help improve students" creativity | C.children in a dim classroom may improve their grades | D.students in rooms with unblocked views may feel relaxed | 小题3:The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that ______.A.the problem is not approached step by step | B.the researches so far have faults in themselves | C.the problem is too difficult for researchers to detect | D.research in this area is not enough to make generalized patterns | 小题4:Which of the following shows the organization of the passage? CP: Central Point P: Point SP: Sub-point(次要点) C: Conclusion
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In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, comprise the whole vocabulary.First, there are those words 1 which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we 2 ,that is to say, from the 3 of our own family and from our familiar associates, and 4 we should know and use 5 we could not read or write.They 6 the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who 7 the language.Such words may be called“popular”, since they belong to the people 8 and are not the exclusive 9 of a limited class.On the other hand, our language 10 a multitude of words which are comparatively 11 used in ordinary conversation.Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little 12 to use them at home or in the market-place.Our 13 acquaintance with them comes not from our mother"s 14 or from the talk of our school-mates, 15 from books that we read, lectures that we 16 ,or the more 17 conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular 18 in a style appropriately elevated above the habitual 19 of everyday life.Such words are called“learned”, and the 20 between them and the“popular”words is of great importance to a right understanding of linguistic process. 1.A.at B.with C.by D.through 2.A.study B.imitate C.stimulate D.learn 3.A.mates B.relatives C.members D.fellows 4.A.which B.that C.those D.ones 5.A.even B.despite C.even if D.in spite of 6.A.mind B.concern C.care D.involve 7.A.hire B.apply C.adopt D.use 8.A.in public B.at most C.at large D.at best 9.A.right B.privilege C.share D.possession 10.A.consists B.comprises C.constitutes D.composes 11.A.seldom B.much C.never D.often 12.A.prospect B.way C.reason D.necessity 13.A.primary B.first C.principal D.prior 14.A.tips B.mouth C.lips D.tongue 15.A.besides B.and C.or D.but 16.A.hear of B.attend C.hear from D.listen 17.A.former B.formula C.formal D.formative 18.A.theme B.topic C.idea D.point 19.A.border B.link C.degree D.extent 20.A.diversion B.distinction C.diversity D.similarity |
From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world about us.When humans first 1 , they were like newborn children, unable to use this 2 tool.Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kinds future 3 and cultural growth increased. Many linguists believe that evolution is 4 for our ability to produce and use language.They 5 that our highly evolved brain provides us 6 an innate language ability not found in lower 7 . Proponents of this innateness theory say that our 8 for language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually, 9 a function of the growth of the brain during childhood.Therefore there are critical 10 times for language development. Current 11 of innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. 12 , more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in 13 grades.Young children often can learn several languages by being 14 to them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the 15 of their first language have become firmly fixed. 16 some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum.Children who have been 17 from other human beings do not possess language.This demonstrates that 18 with other human beings isnecessary for proper language development.Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language 19 than any innate capacities.These theorists view language as imitative, learned behavior. 20 , children learn language from their parents by imitating them.Parents gradually shape their child"s language skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones. 1.A.generated B.evolved C.born D.originated 2.A.valuable B.appropriate C.convenient D.favorite 3.A.attainments B.feasibilityC.entertainments D.evolution 4.A.essential B.available C.reliable D.responsible 5.A.confirm B.inform C.claim D.convince 6.A.for B.from C.of D.with 7.A.organizations B.organisms C.humans D.children 8.A.potential B.performance C.preference D.passion 9.A.as B.just as C.like D.unlike 10.A.ideological B.biological C.social D.psychological 11.A.reviews B.reference C.reaction D.recommendation 12.A.In a word B.In a sense C.Indeed D.In other words 13.A.various B.different C.the higher D.the lower 14.A.revealed B.exposed C.engaged D.involved 15.A.regulations B.formations C.rules D.constitutions 16.A.Although B.Whether C.Since D.When 17.A.distinguished B.different C.protected D.isolated 18.A.exposition B.comparison C.contrast D.interaction 19.A.acquisition B.appreciation C.requirement D.alternative 20.A.As a result B.After all C.In other words D.Above all |
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