From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our know
题型：不详难度：来源：
Many linguists believe that evolution is 4 for our ability to produce and use language.They 5 that our highly evolved brain provides us 6 an innate language ability not found in lower 7 . Proponents of this innateness theory say that our 8 for language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually, 9 a function of the growth of the brain during childhood.Therefore there are critical 10 times for language development.
Current 11 of innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. 12 , more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in 13 grades.Young children often can learn several languages by being 14 to them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the 15 of their first language have become firmly fixed.
16 some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum.Children who have been 17 from other human beings do not possess language.This demonstrates that 18 with other human beings isnecessary for proper language development.Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language 19 than any innate capacities.These theorists view language as imitative, learned behavior. 20 , children learn language from their parents by imitating them.Parents gradually shape their child"s language skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones.
1.A.generated B.evolved C.born D.originated
2.A.valuable B.appropriate C.convenient D.favorite
3.A.attainments B.feasibilityC.entertainments D.evolution
4.A.essential B.available C.reliable D.responsible
5.A.confirm B.inform C.claim D.convince
6.A.for B.from C.of D.with
7.A.organizations B.organisms C.humans D.children
8.A.potential B.performance C.preference D.passion
9.A.as B.just as C.like D.unlike
10.A.ideological B.biological C.social D.psychological
11.A.reviews B.reference C.reaction D.recommendation
12.A.In a word B.In a sense C.Indeed D.In other words
13.A.various B.different C.the higher D.the lower
14.A.revealed B.exposed C.engaged D.involved
15.A.regulations B.formations C.rules D.constitutions
16.A.Although B.Whether C.Since D.When
17.A.distinguished B.different C.protected D.isolated
18.A.exposition B.comparison C.contrast D.interaction
19.A.acquisition B.appreciation C.requirement D.alternative
20.A.As a result B.After all C.In other words D.Above all
答案
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. C
16. A
17. D
18. D
19. A
20. C
解析
evolved逐渐发展，进化符合题意。generated生殖，发展；born (bear的过去分词)不能作谓语动词；originated起源，不能用first修饰。
2.根据语法分析，答案应用来修饰语言的。valuable珍贵的；appropriate合适的，适当的；convenient方便的，便利的；favorite最喜欢的。语言并不是人类选择的结果，而是人类在进化过程中慢慢发展起来的，对人类来说，应当是珍贵的。
3.此处意思是：语言的发展增加了人类未来的成就和文化进步的可能性。attainments成就；feasibility可行性；entertainments娱乐；evolution进化。
4.此处意为：许多语言学家认为进化使人们产生和具备了语言的能力。固定短语be responsible for对……负责，是……的原由。其它选项不与for搭配。
5.根据语法分析,空格后应是一个宾语从句，而A，B，D三项后都不能接从句做直接宾语。confirm(确认) 名词；inform(通知)sb.of sth.；convince(使某人确信) sb.of sth.
6.固定搭配provide sb.with sth.意为“向(人)提供(物)”
7.此处意为：我们高度发达的大脑是我们具备了其它低等动物所不具备的语言能力。显然，这里是把人和低等动物相比较。因此选organisms有机体，生物体。
8.此句意思是：人类的语言能力是与生俱来的，但语言本身也在逐渐发展，所以这种能力应该是潜在的。potential潜力；performance履行；preference偏爱；passion激情
9.此句句义是：语言本身作为童年时期大脑生长的一种功能，其发展是缓慢的。as (作为，当作)合乎题意。Like作为介词的意思是“像……一样”。
10.此句意为：语言的发展有一个关键期，人体的成长是生物变化的过程。biological生物的；ideological思想上的；social社会的；psychological心理的。
11.此处意为：目前人们对“先天论”评论观点不一，但是支持某些天生能力的证据却是确凿无疑的。reviews评论；reference参考；reaction反应；recommendation推荐。
12.从11题可看出，作者是倾向于先天论的，为了进一步证明先天论是有道理的，作者选择了以学校为例加以说明，因此这里应填一个表示递进关系的词Indeed(甚至)。
13.此处意思是：越来越多的学校发现在什么年级学外语较容易，根据常识(低年级学外语较容易)以及后文的Young children often can learn several languages by being 14 to them, while adults…可以选定答案。
14.此处意为：通过接触多种语言，孩子们可以学会好几种语言。be exposed to是固定搭配，接触到。reveal(显露)sth.to sb，不合题意，因本题中的them指languages。其余选项不与to搭配。engage in从事；be involved in参与。
15.此句意思是：一旦母语的规则被深深印入脑海中，成年人就很难再学好另一种语言。rules规则，规律；regulations规定；formations构成，构造；constitutions宪法，章程。
16.分析上下文的逻辑关系，从句意思是：语言的某些方面肯定是先天的。主句意思是：语言不会在与人隔绝的状况下自行发展。前后应为转折关系。
17.此句意为：与人隔绝的儿童不能掌握好一门语言。isolated孤立的，与人隔绝的；distinguished区别的，杰出的；different不同的；protected受到保护的。
18.此句总结前几句，意为：必须通过与他人交往，语言才能够发展。interaction相互作用；exposition暴露；comparison比较；contrast对比。
19.根据分析，本句中的“this”和“even more basic”分别指代上句的“interaction with other human beings”和“necessary”，此处所填词对应上文中的language development。也就是说，language acquisition语言习得。appreciation欣赏,感激；requirement要求；alternative转移，转变，转换。
20.本句功能是以另一种方式解释前文中的“imitative, learned behavior.(模仿性的后天行为)”。In other words换言之，换句话说；As a result结果是；After all毕竟；Above all首先。
举一反三
Trees are useful to man in three very important ways: they provide him with wood and other products, they give him shade, and they help to prevent drought and floods.
Unfortunately, in many parts of the world man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important. In his eagerness to draw quick profit from the trees, he has cut them down in large numbers, only to find that without them he has lost the best friends he had.
Two thousand years ago a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships, with which to gain itself an empire. It gained the empire but, without its trees, its soil became hard and poor. When the empire fell to pieces, the country found itself faced by floods and starvation.
Even though a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees, it is difficult for it to persuade the villager to see this. The villager wants wood to cook his food with, and he can earn money by making charcoal or selling wood to the townsman. He is usually too lazy or too careless to plant and look after trees. So unless the government has a good system of control, or can educate the people, the forests will slowly disappear.
This does not only mean that the villagers sons and grandsons have fewer trees. The results are even more serious. For where there are trees their roots break the soil up—allowing the rain to sink in and also hold the soil, thus preventing it being washed away easily, but where there are no trees, the soil becomes hard and poor. The rain falls on hard ground and flows away on the surface, causing floods and carrying away with it the rich topsoil, in which crops grow so well. When all the topsoil is gone, nothing remains but a worthless desert.
63. The purpose that the writer wrote this article for is ____ .
A. to tell people that trees are very useful to man
B. to warn people not to cut down trees any more
C. to warn that man mustn"t destroy forests any more
D. to explain how trees help to prevent drought and floods
64. In the writer"s opinion, ____ , or the forests slowly disappear.
A. measure must be taken B. people shouldn"t draw benefit from the tree
C. government must realize the serious results D. unless trees never be cut down
65. According to the article we know it is ____ to prevent the forests from slowly disappearing.
A. necessary but impossible B. necessary but difficult
C. impossible and unimportant D. difficult and impossible
66. In the last two paragraphs the writer wanted to make it clear that ____ .
A. where there are no trees, the soil becomes hard and poor
B. where there are many trees, there are fewer floods
C. where there are no trees, the land might become desert slowly
D. floods will make the land become desert
Coketown was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but in fact it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of savage（野人）. It was a town of machinery and tall chimney, out of which smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill smelling color, and large piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the steam-engine worked up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of madness. The town contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another.
A sunny midsummer day. There was such a thing sometimes even in Coketown. Seen from a distance in such weather, Coketown lay covered in a smoke of its own. You only knew the town was there, because you knew there could have been no such a place upon the view without a town.
The streets were hot and dusty on the summer day, and the sun was so bright that it even shone through the smoke over Coketown, and could not be looked at steadily. Workers appeared from low underground doorways into factory yards, and sat on steps, wiping their face sand looking at coals. The whole town seemed to be frying in oil. There was a smell of hot oil everywhere. The atmosphere of those places was like the breath of hell（地狱）, and their inhabitants wasting with heat, walked lazily in the desert. But no temperature made the mad elephants more mad or more sane（理智的）. Their tiresome heads went up and down at the sane rate, in hot weather and in cold, wet weather and dry. The measured movement of their shadows of wood; while for the summer noise of insects, it could offer all the year round, from the dawn of Monday to the night of Saturday.
67. Which of the following words is NOT properly used to describe Coketown ?
A. unpleasant B. dirty C. noisy D. deserted
68. From the passage we know that Coketown was mainly a（n）_____town.
A. industrial B. agricultural C. historical D. cultural
69. Only _____ were not affected by weather.
A. the workmen B. the habitants C. the steam-engines D. the woods
70. Which is the author’s opinion of Coketown?
A. Coketown should be replaced by woods B. The town had too much oil in it
C. The town was seriously polluted D. The town’s atmosphere was unchanged
Washington — The largest ozone (臭氧)hole ever observed has opened up over Antarctica, according to the scientists of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). They believe it is a sign that ozone — destroying gases produced years ago are just now causing the largest quantities of ozone to disappear.
This year’s South Pole ozone hole spreads over about 28.5 million square kilometers, an area three times larger than the landmass of the United States.
Pictures of the hole have been offered by NASA. The hole appears as a giant blue mass, totally covering Antarctica and stretching to the southern tip of South America.
“The last time the ozone hole was close to this size was in 1998, when it spread over about 27.2 million square kilometers,” NASA said.
Paul Newman, who works with NASA’s Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument on a NASA satellite, said ozone watchers had expected a big hole this year, but not this big.
The Antarctica ozone hole, first observed in 1985, is caused by the depletion (损耗) of Earth protecting ozone by human-made chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons, known as CFCs.
“Even though these chemicals were not allowed to use from the beginning of 1987, they remain in the atmosphere and will continue to do so for years,” Newman said.
“This year’s large hole may have been caused by a change in a swirling high-level air current over Antarctica, which circles the area and contains the zone hole,” Newman said.
56. The text is mainly about ____ .
A. the discovery of the largest ozone hole B. the discovery of the Antarctica ozone hole
C. the history of the Antarctica ozone hole D. the size of the largest ozone hole
57. The time 1985 was talked about in the text because it was when the Antarctica ozone hole ____ .
A. was watched by Newman B. was first closed C. disappeared D. was first watched
58. There is a giant ozone hole over Antarctica because ____ over there.
A. human-made chemicals have protected ozone B. ozone has protected the earth
C. human-made chemicals have destroyed ozone D. human-made chemicals have increased ozone
Brittnie, 10, laughed. Her mom cried.
They live at the Salvation Army Door of Hope, a living center for homeless women and their children. Photojournalist Linda Solomon met them in August when she came to the
facility and taught boys and girls, ages three-and-a-half to 13, how to take pictures. She gave them all disposable cameras and told them to capture images that reflected their dreams. The children"s images - a big house, a church, a playground, a backyard and more - are kept. This is a project called“Pictures of Hope" organized by the Salvation Army"I wish to go to college, so I took a picture of the sign out in front of San Diego State University," Brittnie said last month. The Fletcher Elementary School fifth-grader was pointing to the Christmas card bearing her photograph.
Adrienne Finley, development director at the Salvation Army, hosted a reception for Solomon, who told Finley about the president of a small university who gave a child the scholarship she dreamed of last year.
Finley called his old friend, Herrick, who serves as the SDSU President. "We have a wonderful opportunity here to make a difference in a little girl"s life," Finley said. Soon her mom and Brittnie were face to face with SDSU President Jim Herrick.
"You must be Brittnie," he said, reaching out to shake her hand. She quickly pulled her hands out of the pockets of the new SDSU sweatshirt she had been given that morning.
They sat down at a table in his office and talked about college, about science, about her love of math and his hope that she and other girls wouldn"t lose interest in those subjects, as happens to many girls as they grow older.
Then they talked about how much discipline she would need over the next eight years to make her dream come true. Both signed the paper outlining their agreement to the terms of the scholarship. Back outside on the sunny campus, Brittnie admitted she"s tempted sometimes not to do her homework. "But not anymore," she said.
小题1:According to the first paragraph, we can know that________.
| A．it is certain that Brittnie will be admitted into SDSU |
| B．Brittnie will not need to pay for her university education if she can study in SDSU. |
| C．Jim Herrick promised Brittnie’s mother to offer her a job in SDSU. |
| D．Brittnie made a promise that she would never give up her dream. . |
| A．recruit young men and young women to help others |
| B．provide shelters for homeless moms and their children |
| C．carry out some projects to help those who are in trouble |
| D．help homeless people no matter who they are |
A. Linda Solomon taught children photography to inspire them.
B. Children told people about their dreams through their pictures.
C. Brittnie took a picture standing at the gate of SDSC.
D. Brittnie’s picture was so good that it was printed on a Christmas card.
小题4:From what Ferrick said to Brittnie, we can infer that_______.
| A．Ferrick has a strong belief that Brittnie will be a scientist in the future. |
| B．Brittnie, as well as some other girls, is interested in both science and math. |
| C．some girls would not be so good in science and math as boys as they grow older. |
| D．Brittnie will never lose interest in science because of her deep love |
the agreement about the scholarship ?
| A．Encouraged | B．Calm | C．Nervous | D．Proud |
If there"s a woman’s trait(特点) which is the same as men’s aggressiveness, it"s what social scientists refer to as the result of "education". Feminists have argued that the caring nature of women is not biological in origin, but rather has been forced into women by a society that wanted to keep them in the home. But the signs that it is at least partly inborn are too numerous to ignore. Just as tiny infant girls respond more readily to human faces, female toddlers(学步者) learn much faster than males how to pick up nonverbal cues（非言语暗示） from others. And grown women are far more skilful than men at interpreting facial expressions: A recent study by University of Pennsylvania brain researcher Ruben Gur showed that they easily read emotions such as anger, sadness and fear. The only such emotion men could pick up was disgust.
What difference do such differences make in the real world? Among other things, women appear to be somewhat less competitive--or at least competitive in different ways--than men. At the Harvard Law School, for instance, female students enter with qualities just as outstanding as those of their male peers. But they don" t qualify for the well-known Law Review in proper numbers, a fact some school officials owe to women" s discomfort in the incredibly competitive atmosphere.
Students of management styles have found fewer differences than they expected between men and women who reach leadership positions, perhaps because many successful women deliberately imitate men. But an analysis by Purdue social psychologist Alice Eagly of 166 studies of leadership style did find one difference: Men tend to be more “autocratic”-making decisions on their own--while women tend to consult colleagues more often. Studies of behavior in small groups turn up even more differences. Men will typically dominate the discussion, says University of Toronto psychologist Kenneth Dion, spending more time talking and less time listening.
小题1:The passage mainly discusses__________.
| A．how sex differences are demonstrated in social relations | B．how hormone determines sex differences | C．why there are differences between males and females | D．why men and women have different social roles |
| A．It is not inborn in any sense. |
| B．It is inspired by women’s families. |
| C．It is caused by social prejudice. |
| D．It is partly biological in origin. |
| A．women are not as competitive as men |
| B．law is not the fight profession for women |
| C．women are as excellent as men when they are young |
| D．academic qualities are not equal to performance |
| A．Men leaders should consult colleagues and subordinates more often. |
| B．Female leaders" success is due to their imitating male leaders. |
| C．Men and women are different in their leadership style. |
| D．Decisiveness is an important quality for a successful politician. |
| A．denies the difference sexes make in real life |
| B．is prejudiced against men |
| C．discourages women to be competitive |
| D．treats sex difference objectively |
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