阅读理解 We may all have had the embarrassing moment:Getting halfway through a s
题型：模拟题难度：来源：
we"ve told this exact tale before to the same person. Why do we make such memory mistakes?
According to the research published in Psychological Science, it may have to do with the way our
brains process different types of memory.
Researchers Nigel Gopie, of the Rotman Research Institute in Toronto, and Colin Macleod, of the
University of Waterloo, divided memory into two kinds. The first was source memory, or the ability to
keep track of where information is coming from. The second was destination memory, or the ability to
recall who we have given information to.
They found that source memory functions better than destination memory, in part because of the
direction in which that information is travelling.
To study the differences between source memory and destination memory, the researchers did an
experiment on 60 university students, according to a New York Times report. The students were asked
to associate (联想) 50 random(随意的) facts with the faces of 50 famous people. Half of the students
"told"each fact to one of the faces, reading it aloud when the celebrity"s(名人的) picture appeared on a
computer screen. The other half read each fact silently and saw a different celebrity picture afterward.
When later asked to recall which facts went with which faces, the students who were giving
information out(destination memory)scored about 16 percent lower on memory performance compared
with the students receiving information(source memory).
The researchers concluded that outgoing information was less associated with its environmental
context (背景)-that is, the person-than was incoming information.
This makes sense given what is known about attention. A person who is giving information, even little
facts, will devote some mental resources to thinking about what is being said. Because our attention is
limited, we give less attention to the person we are giving information to.
After a second experiment with another group of 40 students, the researchers concluded that
selffocus is another factor that undermines destination memory.
They asked half the students to continue giving out random information, while the other told things
about themselves. This time around, those who were talking about themselves did 15 percent worse
than those giving random information.
"When you start telling these personal facts compared with nonself facts, suddenly destination
memory goes down more, suggesting that it is the selffocus component (成分) that"s reducing the
memory."Gopie told Live Science.
1. The point of this article is to ________.
A. give advice on how to improve memory
B. say what causes the memory to worsen
C. explain why we repeat stories to those we"ve already told them to
D. discuss the differences between source memory and destination memory
2. What can we learn from the article?
A. Source memory helps us remember who we have told the information to.
B. One"s limited attention is one of the reasons why those reading aloud to the celebrity"s pictures
perform worse on the memory test.
C. Silent reading is a better way to remember information than reading aloud.
D. It tends to be more difficult for people to link incoming information with its environmental context
than outgoing information.
3. The underlined word"undermines" probably means________.
A. weakens
B. benefits
C. explains
D. supports
4. What did the scientists conclude from the second experiment?
A. Destination memory is weaker than source memory.
B. Focusing attention on oneself leads to relatively poor source memory performance.
C. Associating personal experience with information helps people memorize better.
D. Selffocus is responsible for the reduction of destination memory.
答案
举一反三
1 It has been used as a product full of nutrition. Our bodies need it for their development and
also to help them to recover after a disease.
The microelement(微量元素) content of honey is similar to that of our blood. 2 In honey, the
percentage of vitamins and minerals differs according to the kind of nectar(花蜜) used by the bees and
the quality of the soil where the plants grow. 3 The latter is the most valuable in its healing(治疗)
effects.
4 Put one teaspoonful of honey in a glass of milk before going to bed and you will certainly have
sweet dreams that night.
If you feel sick because you have eaten too much one day, or you have a stomachache, then their solution
is a glass of water with honey and lemon. Moreover，a sore throat is not a problem any more if you have a cup of tea with honey.
Singers use honey when they have problems with their voices or before a concert when they really feel
exhausted. 5 they use them for their hair，nails and bodies.
A. Honey is mostly used as a natural sedative(镇静剂)when you have problems with your sleep.
B. Honey is helpful for losing weight.
C. That is why it is so well assimilated (吸收)by our bodies.
D. For women, beauty products made of honey can be very helpful.
E. Honey, a wonderful gift of nature to mankind, has been well known since ancient times.
F. What determines the quality of honey is the kind of bees and flowers.
G. There are kinds of honey，including mono flower honey，meaning the honey is made of only one type of flower，and polo flower honey，which is made in mountainous areas.
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Compared to adults, children seem to be moving constantly. So it"s no surprise that most parents
who are quizzed about their child"s physical activity level describe their children as fairly active. But a
new study of nearly 2000 British school children suggests that many parents overestimate the amount
of physical activity their children are really getting.
The researchers equipped 1892 British school children, ages 9 and 10, with accelerometers that
measure all physical activity during a given time period. The research, known as the Speedy study
collected the exercise data from children at 92 schools in Norfolk, England, between April and July
2007.
A child was regarded inactive if he or she recorded less than an hour a day of physical activity.
Although the majority of children studied were getting enough physical activity, a_sizable_minority_of
_children_were_not. Overall,39 percent of girls and 18 percent of boys studied were getting less than
an hour of physical activity each day.
But if you asked the parents of the inactive children to describe their child"s activity level, the vast
majority-80 percent-described their children as fairly or very physically active, according to the findings
published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Interestingly, the children themselves had
more awareness about their lack of physical activity. Overall, 40 percent of children overestimated their
physical activity.
But it wasn"t the parents of overweight children who were most likely to guess wrong about physical
activity levels. The parents who were most out of touch about their child"s physical fitness were more
likely to have children who were slim. Parents of girls were also more likely to overestimate physical
activity. The researchers noted that parents should be educated about the importance of physical
activity for children even if the child is not overweight.
“Parents of slim children appear to assume that their children are adequately active.”the study
authors reported. “Increasing awareness regarding health benefits of physical activity beyond weight
control might help have a correct idea of physical activity levels and encourage behavior change.”
1. According to the Speedy study, what kind of children can be judged physically inactive?
A. Slim children.
B. Children with less than an hour a day of physical activity.
C. Overweight children.
D. Children out of touch with their parents for a long time.
2. What does the writer probably mean by saying “a sizable minority of children were not”in Paragraph 3?
A. The amount of children"s physical activity is far from the writer"s satisfaction.
B. Only a small number of children were not getting enough physical activity.
C. A small number of children didn"t overestimate their physical activity.
D. The minority of children were not studied at all.
4. The passage is intended to________.
A. encourage parents to fairly judge their children"s physical activity levels
B. persuade parents to keep an eye on their children"s weight
C. urge children to wear accelerometers during exercise
D. advise parents to keep in touch with their children
dangers of wolves.Some groups believe wolves should be killed.Other people believe wolves must be
protected so that they will not disappear from the wilderness(荒野).
For Killing Wolves
In Alaska，the wolf almost disappeared a few years ago，because hunters were killing hundreds
of them for sport.However，laws were established to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people
who catch the animals for their fur.So the wolf population has greatly increased.Now there are so many
wolves that they are destroying their own food supply.
A wolf naturally eats animals in the deer family.People in the wilderness also hunt deer for food.Many
of the animals have been destroyed by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the wilderness
plant life.When the deer can"t find enough food，they die.
If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer，their prey(猎物)will disappear some day.And
the wolves will，too.So we must change the cycle of life in the wilderness to balance the ecology.If we
killed more wolves，we would save them and their prey from dying out.We"d also save some farm
animals.
In another northern state，wolves attack cows and chickens for food.Farmers want the government
to send biologists to study the problem.They believe it necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to
protect them in places where there is a small wolf population.
Against Killing Wolves
If you had lived long ago，you would have heard many different stories about the dangerous wolf.
According to most stories，hungry wolves often kill people for food.Even today，the stories of the“big
bad wolf”will not disappear.
But the fact is wolves are afraid of people，and they seldom travel in areas where there is a human
smell.When wolves eat other animals，they usually kill the very young，or the sick and injured.The
strongest survive.No kind of animal would have survived through the centuries if the weak members had
lived.That has always been a law of nature.
Although some people say it is good sense to kill wolves，we say it is nonsense！Researchers have
found wolves and their prey living in balance.The wolves keep the deer population from becoming too
large，and that keeps a balance in the wilderness plant life.
The real problem is that the areas where wolves can live are being used by people.Even if wilderness
land is not used directly for human needs，the wolves can"t always find enough food.So they travel to
the nearest source，which is often a farm.Then there is danger.The“big bad wolf”has arrived！And
everyone knows what happens next.
1. According to the passage，some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following
reasons EXCEPT that________.
A. there are too many wolves
B. they kill large numbers of deer
C. they attack cows and chickens for food
D. they destroy the wilderness plant life
2. Some people are against killing wolves because________.
A. wolves help to keep the ecological balance in the wilderness
B. there is too small a wolf population in the wilderness
C. there are too many deer in the wilderness
D. wolves are afraid of people and never attack people
3. According to those against killing wolves，when wolves eat other animals，______.
A. they never eat strong and healthy ones
B. they always go against the law of nature
C. they might help this kind of animals survive in nature
D. they disturb the ecological balance in the wilderness
4. The last sentence“And everyone knows what happens next”implies that in such cases________.
A. farm animals will be in danger and have to be shipped away
B. wolves will kill people and people will in turn kill them
C. wolves will find enough food sources on farms
D. people will leave the areas where wolves can live
than in the classroom. Therefore the great influence of parents can"t be ignored or discounted by the
teacher. They can become strong supports of the school or they can consciously or unconsciously
prevent the school from accomplishing its aims.
Administrators have been aware of the need to keep_parents_apprised_of the newer methods used in
schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness
program and developmental math.
Moreover, the classroom teacher can also play an important role in explaining to parents what they
should do. The informal tea and many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of
reporting pupils" progress, can significantly aid the interchange of ideas between school and home.
Suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly
interview, the teacher can help the parent change his method. He might be persuaded to let Junior
participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a measuring cup at home, setting the
clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engage in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.
If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making
satisfactory progress in math and at the same time, enjoying the work.
Too often, however, teachers" conferences with parents are devoted to unimportant accounts of
children"s wrongdoing, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for punishments
and rewards at home.
What is needed is a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional advisor, plants
ideas in parents" minds for the best use of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom. In
this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters"
competence.
1. The underlined phrase "keep parents apprised of" in Para.2 probably means to let parents ______.
A. judge
B. know
C. design
D. develop
2. What is the purpose of the schools" informal tea and interviews?
A. To improve the relationship between teachers and parents.
B. To explain to parents the change of the school curriculum.
C. To report students" misdoings and suggestions for punishments.
D. To help develop good communication between school and home.
3. Why does the author provide the example in Paragraph 4?
A. To help parents know the importance of home activities.
B. To show how the teacher can guide in home training.
C. To prove parents are nonprofessional advisors.
D. To advise parents to teach kids math at home.
4. From the passage we learn that the author ________.
A. thinks teachers should do better as professionals
B. is worried about children"s performance at home
C. is satisfied with the present state of school education
D. believes time spent out of the classroom has been wasted
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