阅读理解 Decision-making under St
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Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the
advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的)
consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
"Stress affects how people learn," says Professor Mara Mather. "People learn better about positive
than negative outcomes under stress."
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either
rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give
a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by
having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the
rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn"t gone
through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking
a cigarette while under stress -at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes
to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are
rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women.
While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their
responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment
while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big,
men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help
explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the
risky choices that eventually harden into addiction. |
| 1. We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ______. |
A. keep rewards better in their memory
B. recall consequences more effortlessly
C. make risky decisions more frequently
D. learn a subject more effectively |
| 2. According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their ______. |
A. ways of making choices
B. preference for pleasure
C. tolerance of punishments
D. responses to suggestions |
| 3.The research has proved that in a stressful situation, ______. |
A. women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B. men have a greater tendency to slow down
C. women focus more on outcomes
D. men are more likely to take risks |
答案
| 1-3: AAD |
举一反三
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根据短文内容,从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Empathy
Last year, researchers from the University of Michigan reported that empathy, the ability to
understand other people, among college students had dropped sharply over the past 10 years. __1__
Today, people spend more time alone and are less likely to join groups and clubs.
Jennifer Freed, a co-director of a teen program, has another explanation. Turn on the TV, and you"re
showered with news and reality shows full of people fighting, competing, and generally treating one
another with no respect. __2__
There are good reasons not to follow those bad examples. Humans are socially related by nature.
__3__ Researchers have also found that empathetic teenagers are more likely to have high self-respect.
Besides, empathy can be a cure for loneliness, sadness, anxiety, and fear.
Empathy is also an indication of a good leader. In fact, Freed says, many top companies report that
empathy is one of the most important things they look for in new managers. __4__ "Academics are
important. But if you don"t have emotional (情感的) intelligence, you won"t be as successful in work
or in your love life," she says.
What"s the best way to up your EQ (情商)? For starters, let down your guard and really listen to
others. __5__
To really develop empathy, you"d better volunteer at a nursing home or a hospital, join a club or a
team that has a diverse membership, have a "sharing circle" with your family, or spend time caring for
pets at an animal shelter.
A. Everyone is different, and levels of empathy differ from person to person.
B. That could be because so many people have replaced face time with screen time, the researchers said.
C. "One doesn"t develop empathy by having a lot of opinions and doing a lot of talking," Freed says.
D. Humans learn by example-and most of the examples on it are anything but empathetic.
E. Empathy is a matter of learning how to understand someone else-both what they think and how they
feel.
F. Good social skills-including empathy-are a kind of "emotional intelligence" that will help you succeed
in many areas of life.
G. Having relationships with other people is an important part of being human-and having empathy is
decisive to those relationships. |
| 阅读理解 |
I"m usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or
unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of these
statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, I was struck by
a report which concluded that today"s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s.
In fact, the analysis showed, normal children ages 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than
children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.
Why are America"s kids so stressed? The report cites two main causes: increasing physical
isolation-brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, among other things-and
a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place.
Given that we can"t turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation cope.
At the top of the list is nurturing (培育) a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child
is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress.
To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and computers.
Your family will thank you later. They will have more time for face-to-face relationships, and they will
get more sleep.
Limit the amount of virtual (虚拟的) violence your children are exposed to. It"s not just video games
and movies; children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news.
Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never attended
Harvard or Yale.
Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide
a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesn"t have to ruin your life. |
| 1. What does the author mean when he says, "we can"t turn the clock back" (Line 1, Para. 3)? |
A. It"s impossible to slow down the pace of change.
B. The social reality children are facing cannot be changed.
C. Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten.
D. It"s impossible to forget the past. |
2. According to an analysis, compared with normal children today, children treated as mentally
ill 50 years ago ________. |
A. were less isolated physically
B. were probably less self-centered
C. probably suffered less from anxiety
D. were considered less individualistic |
| 3. The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children is ________. |
A. to provide them with a safer environment
B. to lower their expectations for them
C. to get them more involved socially
D. to set a good model for them to follow |
| 4. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? |
A. Anxiety, though unavoidable, can be coped with.
B. Children"s anxiety has been enormously exaggerated.(夸大)
C. Children"s anxiety can be eliminated(排除) with more parental care.
D. Anxiety, if properly controlled, may help children become mature. |
| 阅读理解 |
LOS ANGELES ----Disney"s "The Lion King", one of the most successful animated (动画的) films
ever, will roar (咆哮) again this weekend with a 3D version that could put it back at the top of the box
office (票房) with a very proud $12million. The 1994 version was the second highest box-office earning
film of that year and ranks fourth on the all-time animated list with over $784 million.
Hot on the heels of the box office success of "The Lion King 3D", Disney and Pixar are remaking
four of their classic animated films in 3D versions for movie theaters. Encouraged by the success of "The
Lion King 3D", the movie studio said it would release a 3D version of 1991 animated film. "Beauty and
the Beast" in January 2012 for a limited run in movie theaters.
It will be followed by Pixar"s sea-adventure "Finding Nemo" in September 2012, the classic 1989
Disney romance "The Little Mermaid" in September 2013, following "Monsters, Inc." In January 2013.
"Great stories and great characters are timeless, and at Disney we"re lucky to have a treasure(财富) of
both," said Alan Bergman, president of the Walt Disney Studios. "We"re excited to give audiences of all
ages the chance to experience these beloved stories in an exciting new way with 3D----and in the case of
younger people, for the first time on the big screen," Bergman said in a statement.
Since 1994, "The Lion King " has earned some $883 million at the worldwide box office, including
recent sales from the 3D version of the beloved story of the African animal kingdom. Disney"s "Beauty
and the Beast" and "The Little Mermaid" have so far earned $380 million and $228 million worldwide.
Pixar"s 2001 hit "Monsters, Inc." made $526 million worldwide and the 2003 Oscar winning film
"Finding Nemo" made more than $867million |
1. By saying "Disney"s "The Lion King"…will roar again this weekend with a 3D version that…" ,
the author means the film____. |
A. will be popular with young people
B. will win success this weekend again
C. will be awarded a big prize this weekend
D. will shock the people for the huge production cost |
| 2. Which of the following is the right time order of these 3Dfilms to be released? |
A. The Lion King---Beauty and the Beast ---Finding Nemo--- The Little Mermaid--- Monsters, Inc.
B. Beauty and the Beast--- The Lion King---Finding Nemo--- The Little Mermaid--- Monsters, Inc.
C. The Lion King---Beauty and the Beast---Finding Nem--- Monsters, Inc. --- The Little Mermaid
D. Beauty and the Beast--- The Lion King---Finding Nem--- Monsters, Inc. --- The Little Mermaid |
| 3. What advantage does The Walt Disney Studio have over the others? |
A. They have better recreation sources.
B. The first released 3D films in the world.
C. They earned the largest box office and worldwide.
D. They have a lot of money and rich experience. |
| 4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? |
A. The Lion King 3D is a larger box-office success than The Lion King in 1994.
B. The animated film The Lion King has ever won the Oscar film prize.
C. The five animated films mentioned will be or have been remade.
D. Most of the animated film audiences are young people |
| 完形填空 |
People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were
asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a nondisabled woman. In
another 1 , subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble(绊脚) and fall to the floor.
Sometimes the victim had a large red birthmark on his 2 ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the
victim was more likely to 3 aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In
4 these and other research findings, two themes are 5 : we are more willing to help people we
like for some reason and people we think 6 assistance.
In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. 7 , in a field
study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport.
The application was ready to be 8 , but had apparently been "lost". The photo attached to the
application was sometimes that of a very 9 person and sometimes that of a less attractive person.
The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not.
Results showed that people were more likely to 10 the application if the person in the photo was
physically attractive.
The degree of 11 between the potential helper and the person in need is also important. For
example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner.
In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a(n)
12 T-shirt than a person wearing a T-shirt printed with offensive words.
Whether a person receives help depends in part on the "worth" of the case. For example, shoppers
in a supermarket were more likely to give someone. 13 to buy milk rather than to buy cookies,
probably because milk is thought more essential for 14 than cookies. Passengers on a New York
subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be 15 rather than
drunk. |
( )1. A. study
( )2. A. hand
( )3. A. refuse
( )4. A. challenging
( )5. A. important
( )6. A. seek
( )7. A. At first
( )8. A. printed
( )9. A. talented
( )10. A. send in
( )11. A. similarity
( )12. A. expensive
( )13. A. time
( )14. A. shoppers
( )15. A. talkative | B. way
B. arm
B. beg
B. recording
B. possible
B. deserve
B. Above all
B. mailed
B. good-looking
B. throw away
B. friendship
B. plain
B. instructions
B. research
B. handsome | C. word
C. face
C. lose
C. understanding
C. amusing
C. obtain
C. In addition
C. rewritten
C. helpful
C. fill out
C. cooperation
C. cheap
C. money
C. children
C. calm
| D. college
D. back
D. receive
D. publishing
D. missing
D. accept
D. For example
D. signed
D. hard-working
D. turn down
D. contact
D. strange
D. chances
D. health
D. sick | | 阅读理解 | Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)
have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may
explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.
Until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same
"fight-or-flight" reaction to stress. In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior, such
as verbal or physical conflict ("fight"), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation ("flight").
However, the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and
behavioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women
often have another kind of reaction which could be called "tend and befriend." That is, they often react
to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young ("tend"), and by looking for social contact
and support from others - especially other females ("befriend").
Scientists have long known that in the fight-or- flight reaction to stress, an important role is played by
certain hormones(激素) released by the body. The UCLA research team suggests that the female
tend-or-befriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin, has been studied
in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women
to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Shelley E. Taylor, explained that "animals and people with high
levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and less anxious." While men also secrete(分
泌)oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.
In terms of everyday behavior, the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to
seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions
if they are lost.
The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their
family after a stressful day at work. The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and
quiet. For a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children
and their needs.
The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of
stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior. The tend-and-befriend
regulatory(调节的) system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on
average live longer than men. | | 1. The UCLA study shows that in response to stress, men are more likely than women to _____ . | A. turn to friends for help
B. solve a conflict calmly
C. find an escape from reality
D. seek comfort from children | | 2. Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage? | A. Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.
B. Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.
C. Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.
D. Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men. | | 3. What can be learned from the passage? | A. Male hormones help build up the body"s resistance to stress.
B. In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.
C. Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.
D. The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings. | | 4. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? | A. How men and women get over stress
B. How men and women suffer from stress
C. How researchers overcome stress problems
D. How researchers handle stress-related disorders | 最新试题
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