The weather is getting hotter. You are thirsty（口渴的） playing basketball or riding
题型：不详难度：来源：
The weather is getting hotter. You are thirsty（口渴的） playing basketball or riding home from school. A cold drink may be just the thing. But be careful what you are drinking. Something that looks cool may not be good for your health. There are plenty of “energy drinks” on the market. Most of them have beautiful colors and cool names. The lists on them tell you they are helpful to your health. Sounds great!
But after a careful check you may find that most energy drinks have lots of caffeine(咖啡碱)in them. These drinks are especially aimed at young people, students, busy people and sports players. Makers sometimes say their drinks make you better at sports and can keep you awake. But be careful not to drink too much. Caffeine makes your heart beat fast. Because of this, the International Olympic Committee(IOC)（国际奥委会） has limited its use. Caffeine in most energy drinks is at least as strong as that in a cup of coffee or tea. Possible health dangers have something to do with energy drinks. Just one box of energy drink can make you nervous, have difficulty sleeping and can even cause heart problems. Scientists say that teenagers should be discouraged from taking drinks with a lot of caffeine in them.
小题1:Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? ______| A．What’s the Use of Energy Drinks? | | B．Who Can Drink Energy Drinks? | | C．What’s that in Energy Drinks? | | D．Why Can’t We Buy Energy Drinks? |
小题2:The underlined word “discouraged” can be replaced(替换) with ______.| A．disliked | B．helped | C．stopped | D．encouraged |
小题3:From the passage we can know that ______.| A．energy drinks are especially aimed at teenagers | | B．energy drinks are helpful to teenagers’ study | | C．sports players need to drink a lot of energy drinks | | D．advertisements are important in getting people to buy energy drinks |
小题4:Many people like drinking energy drinks because of the following EXCEPT that ______. | A．they have beautiful colors and cool names | | B．they have lots of caffeine | | C．they can keep them awake and better at sports | | D．they are said to be helpful to health |
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答案
小题1:D
小题2:C
小题3:A
小题4:B |
解析
试题分析：文章大意：这篇文章讲的是当天气变热或者运动之后，人们往往喜欢喝一些能量饮料，但是这些饮料含有大量的咖啡因，对身体是很不健康的，所以作者建议大家要少喝这些饮料。
小题1:D主旨大意题。这篇文章主要是围绕能量饮料展开的，讲了能量饮料的成分，人们为什么爱喝能量饮料以及能量饮料对身体的危害。故D正确。
小题2:C词义推测题。第四段Just one box of energy drink can make you nervous, have difficulty sleeping and can even cause heart problems. Scientists say that teenagers should be discouraged from taking drinks with a lot of caffeine in them.一瓶能量饮料就能使你紧张，失眠。甚至导致心脏病。由此，可推断出科学家说对青少年应该是阻止他们喝含有大量咖啡因的饮料。故discouraged的意思应是阻止，可替换成stopped。故C正确。
小题3:A推理判断题。从文章中我们可以了解到广告对于人们购买饮料有着很重要的作用。能量饮料对于青少年的学习没有帮助。运动员应该少喝能量饮料。These drinks are especially aimed at young people, students, busy people and sports players.这些饮料的目标人群是针对年轻人、学生、忙碌的人们和运动员。可知，B,C,D错误。故A正确。
小题4:B细节理解题。由第二段Most of them have beautiful colors and cool names. The lists on them tell you they are helpful to your health.大多数的能量饮料有着诱人的颜色和酷酷的名字。从饮料的标签可由看出这些饮料有益健康。由第三段Makers sometimes say their drinks make you better at sports and can keep you awake.制造生说他们的饮料能够使你更擅长体育而且能使你保持清醒。可知，以上就是大多数人选择能量饮料的原因。故B正确。 |
举一反三
My six-year-old came home from school this week with two envelopes. One was for a donation to help people in the Philippines. The other was to help hungry families have a Thanksgiving meal.
“I’ll put a check in each of these. Then you can add your own money from your piggy bank, okay?” I said, thinking he’d be so excited to put his own stamp on things.
“That’s okay, mom. You put money in. I don’t want to waste mine,” he sweetly sang as he colored. “I want to fill my bank all the way up.”
Ack! I guess I know what our dinnertime discussion will be about tonight, I thought.
I had figured that through watching his parents donate items, helping us take toys from time to time to needy kids and putting money in the basket at church, he would just understand why it was important to help people in need — and even want to do it himself.
But of course he doesn’t really understand yet. “There’s a big disconnect between the people ‘over there’ and my piggy bank,” said parenting educator Vicki Hoefle.
“There’s nothing wrong with the child. There’s just no connection.”
As for having that conversation immediately, or forcing my son to put money into the envelopes: “Try not to do it now,” Hoefle said. Teaching a child about donating their own money or toys or time to people in need “should be a gentle introduction into what we hope will be a way of life for our kids.”
She suggested these things to help children understand the importance of giving:
* Just talk about it. Then explore the issue from a perspective he can understand.
* Use the course of a year to introduce kids to opportunities. That way, they won’t be shocked when you ask them to stuff their own money into an envelope （like this writer just did）.
* Pick a family charity for the year and have a conversation about how you all can help throughout the year.
* Think of this not as something you must teach, but as something to expose them to.
At her house, Hoefle said, “When you got something new, you gave something up.” Each birthday, her children would pick what toys they had outgrown and give them away. “There was a comfort in it. It just became a natural part of the kids’ lives.”
So I will fill those envelopes alone this time. But I’ll make sure he understands why they should be filled—gradually.
小题1:When the writer asked her son to give money to help the poor, he __________.| A．declined to donate | | B．sang a sweet song | | C．put all his money in a bank | | D．seemed very surprised |
小题2:Hoefle’s attitude towards children’s unwillingness to donate money can be best described as “_______”.| A．critical | B．tolerant | C．positive | D．worried |
小题3:Which of the following is Hoefle’s approach to educating kids about charity?| A．Giving courses about charity. | | B．Setting a rule for children to give. | | C．Inviting a lot of poor people home. | | D．Giving children enough real life chances. |
小题4:What can we learn about the writer from the passage?| A．She often makes donations for people in need. | | B．She taught her son a lesson over dinner that evening. | | C．She is at a loss as for what she should do next. | | D．She invited a parenting educator home for advice. |
小题5:What is the best title of the passage?| A．Kids, please help those in need. | | B．Why are kids unwilling to donate? | | C．Kindness is lost in the young generation. | | D．How can we help kids learn generosity? |
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Can software bring dead tongues back to life? Probably yes.
A computer algorithm（计算程序）works almost as well as a trained linguist（语言学家） in reconstructing how dead "protolanguages" would have sounded, says a new study.
"Our computer system is doing a basic job right now," says Alex Bouchard-Côté, an assistant professor in the department of statistics at the University of British Columbia and lead author of the paper describing the algorithm. But the program does a good enough job that it may be able to give linguists a head start, the statistician added.
For centuries, scholars have reconstructed languages by hand: looking at the same word in two or more languages and making educated guesses about what that word"s "ancestor" may have sounded like. For example, the Spanish word for man （"hombre"） and the French word for man （"homme"） developed from the Latin word "homo." The way linguists compare words from descendant（后代）languages to reconstruct the parent language is called, appropriately, the comparative method.
The early 19th-century linguist Franz Bopp was the first to compare Greek, Latin and Sanskrit using this method. Jacob Grimm, one of the Brothers Grimm of fairy tale fame, used the comparative method to show how Germanic languages developed from a common ancestor.
The difference between that and Bouchard-Côté"s program, the statistician says, "is we do it on a larger scale." As a proof of concept, Bouchard-Côté fed words from 637 Austronesian languages （spoken in Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and more） into the new algorithm, and the system came up with a list of what the ancestor words of all those languages would have sounded like. In more than 85 percent of cases, the automated reconstruction came within one character of the ancestor word commonly accepted as true by linguists.
The algorithm won"t replace trained human linguists, but could speed up language analysis.
Using a computer to do large-scale reconstruction offers another advantage. Bouchard-Côté says, “With big data sets, you can really start finding regularities … You might find that certain sounds are more likely to change than others."
So Bouchard-Côté"s team tested the "functional load hypothesis（假设）," which says that sounds that are more important for two clearly different words are less likely to change over time. A formal test of this hypothesis in 1967 looked at four languages; Bouchard-Côté"s algorithm looked at 637.
"The revealed pattern would not be obvious if we had not been able to reconstruct large numbers of protolanguages," Bouchard-Côté and his coauthors write in the new study.
In addition to simply helping linguists understand how people spoke in the past, studying ancient languages can perhaps answer historical questions. For example, Bouchard-Côté says, "Say people are interested in finding out when Europe was settled. If you can figure out if the language of the settling population had a word for wheel, then you can get some idea of the order in which things occurred, because you would have some records that show you when the wheel was invented.”
小题1:The underline word “protolanguages” in the first paragraph probably refers to __________.| A．the languages that couldn’t be reconstructed by hand | | B．parent languages that existed in the past | | C．languages developed from a common ancestor | | D．languages used to explain things that occurred in the past |
小题2:We can learn from the fourth and fifth paragraphs that the reconstruction of “protolanguage” by scholars __________.| A．is commonly accepted as false | | B．dates back to the 19th century | | C．focuses on European languages | | D．is conducted using the comparative method |
小题3:According to Bouchard-Côté, reconstructing the dead "protolanguages" might _______.| A．arouse people’s interest in when Europe was settled | | B．allow us to find answers to some historical questions | | C．enable us to picture the way linguists communicated | | D．help figure out how the wheel was invented |
小题4:The author probably wants to prove the computer algorithm program led by Bouchard-Côté ___________.| A．will bring every dead language back to life | | B．can take the place of linguists in language analysis | | C．is of great help to promote language analysis with big data sets | | D．can merely reconstruct Asian-Pacific “protolanguages” |
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Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.
Until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same "fight-or-flight" reaction to stress. In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior, such as verbal or physical conflict ("fight"), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation ("flight"). However, the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women often have another kind of reaction which could be called "tend and befriend." That is, they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young ("tend"), and by looking for social contact and support from others - especially other females ("befriend").
Scientists have long known that in the fight-or- flight reaction to stress, an important role is played by certain hormones(激素) released by the body. The UCLA research team suggests that the female tend-or-befriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin, has been studied in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Shelley E. Taylor, explained that "animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and less anxious." While men also secrete(分泌）oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.
In terms of everyday behavior, the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions if they are lost.
The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work. The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet. For a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.
The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior. The tend-and-befriend regulatory(调节的) system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.
小题1:The UCLA study shows that in response to stress, men are more likely than women to _____ .| A．turn to friends for help | B．solve a conflict calmly | | C．find an escape from reality | D．seek comfort from children |
小题2:Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?| A．Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do. | | B．Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women. | | C．Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin. | | D．Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men. |
小题3:What can be learned from the passage?| A．Male hormones help build up the body"s resistance to stress. | | B．In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does. | | C．Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress. | | D．The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings. |
小题4:Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?| A．How men and women get over stress | | B．How men and women suffer from stress | | C．How researchers overcome stress problems | | D．How researchers handle stress-related disorders |
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It is nice to know what the weather will be like when we plan a trip. Do you know anything about the history of weather? Don’t look at the sky. Don’t look for old weather reports. Looking at the tree rings is more important. Correct weather reports date back only one century, but some trees can provide an exact record of weather even further back.
It is natural that a tree would grow best in a climate with plenty of sunlight and rainfall. It is also expected that little sunlight or rainfall would reduce the growth of a tree. The change from a favorable to an unfavorable climate can be found out by the reading pattern of rings in a tree trunk. To find out the weather of ten years ago, you can count the rings of a tree trunk from the outside to the inside. If the tenth ring is far from the other rings, then it is certain that plenty of sunny and rainy weather occurred. If the rings are close together, then the climate was bad for the tree.
Studying trees is important not only for the history of weather, but also for the history of man. In an area of New Mexico you can find only sand — no trees or people. However, many centuries ago a large population lived there. They left suddenly. Why?
A scientist studied the pattern of the rings of dead trees that had grown there. He made up his mind that the people had to leave because they had cut down all the trees. Trees were necessary to make fires and buildings. So, after the people destroyed the trees, they had to move.
In this example studying tree rings uncovered an exciting fact about the history of man.
小题1:We can find out the weather of five years ago by counting the rings of a tree trunk ____.| A．from the left to the right | | B．from the right to the left | | C．from the inside to the outside | | D．from the outside to the inside |
小题2:If the ring was far from the others, we can conclude that the weather of that year was ______.| A．bad | B．sunny | C．favorable | D．rainy |
小题3:By studying the rings of dead trees in an area of New Mexico, the scientist found _______. | A．why the people had to leave | | B．where the people had to go | | C．what the people had to eat | | D．how the people left |
小题4:The ancient people usually lived where there were plenty of trees mainly because ______.| A．trees provided an exact record of weather for research | | B．trees could supply them with fruit and food to live on | | C．trees could supply them with shades | | D．trees were materials for fires and buildings |
小题5:By giving the example of an area of New Mexico, the author tries to prove .| A．trees can’t live in the area without population | | B．that studying trees is important for the history of man and weather. | | C．what the real relation is between tree rings and the history of man and weather | | D．the history of man is important for the history of trees |
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Can you imagine learning by playing games. To be sure, only children experienced some things differently from those with sisters and brothers. Many feel more pressure to succeed. They also tend to look only to their parents as role models in the absence of brothers and sisters.
In India, 10-year-old Saviraj Sankpal founded a support group for the tiny minority of only children. Among other things, the group does volunteer work to counter (or be against) the myth that they are not responsible. "People think we"re treated too kindly and ruined," says Sankpal, a computer engineering student. "But I"d like to remind them how lonely it can get."
Most only children, however, say they wish for sisters or brothers only when it comes to caring for aging, unhealthy parents. Britain"s David Emerson, coauthor of the book The Only Child, says that such a person bears terrible burden in having to make all the decisions alone. Emerson knows from experience: After his father died, he chose to move his elderly mother from their family home, where she was vulnerable to (or easy to be attacked by) house breakers, to a new one with more security." The move was quite hard on her, and she might feel that I pushed her into it," he says,". After all, I am left with that responsibility."
In the future, more and more only children will likely face similar choices. With working mothers increasing, many families are finding they simply don"t have the time, money or energy to have more than one child. As only children become common, perhaps the world will realize that the Charge made against them is unjust.
小题1:It can be inferred from the passage that the author"s attitude towards only children is _______.| A．ironic | B．objective | C．unfriendly | D．unjust |
小题2:It can be inferred from the passage that only children"s parents should ___________.| A．found a support group for their only children | | B．do volunteer work to help their only children | | C．let their only children make all the decisions alone | | D．set good examples for their only children |
小题3:Emerson decided to move his elderly mother to a new house because he ___________.| A．is the only one who cares about her | | B．doesn"t want to leave her alone | | C．wants to share the responsibility with her | | D．is worried about her safety |
小题4:It is quite usual now for a working mother to ____________.| A．spend all her time and money on her only child | | B．be responsible for bringing up her only child | | C．have and bring up only one child | | D．devote all her energy to her job |
小题5:The main idea of the passage is that ________.| A．only children are ruined and irresponsible | | B．only children have to face many challenges | | C．most only children want to have brothers and sisters | | D．most only children share their responsibility with their parents |
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