(2013·高考重庆卷，B)It is easy to overlook the role that your body plays in influencin
题型：不详难度：来源：
(2013·高考重庆卷，B)It is easy to overlook the role that your body plays in influencing your mood(情绪)．When you are____，you may find yourself blaming work pressures or an unknown future.However，it could just be that you’ve been sitting behind your desk too long.
One way to improve your mood is____.Psychologically，it provides you with a break from the stresses in your life.Also，in the process，you may aim for____goals，like a new personal running record or a better body shape.The achievement of a particular goal makes you feel good and contributes to your____.That is why exercise has been shown to____your selfrespect.
You do not have to train yourself____to feel the psychological benefits of exercise.What really matters is____，not intensity(强度)of your exercise.You can try walking for 30 minutes five times per week or simply gardening on weekends.
| 小题1: | | A．ill | B．poor | | C．unhappy | D．unsuccessful |
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| 小题2: | | A．play | B．communication | | C．sleep | D．exercise |
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| 小题3: | | A．clear | B．present | | C．common | D．early |
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| 小题4: | | A．ability | B．relationship | | C．confidence | D．business |
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| 小题5: | | A．tear down | B．build up | | C．set aside | D．give out |
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| 小题6: | | A．hard | B．everywhere | | C．carefully | D．late |
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| 小题7: | | A．time | B．length | | C．form | D．frequency |
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答案
小题1:C
小题2:D
小题3:A
小题4:C
小题5:B
小题6:A
小题7:D |
解析
本文是一篇说明文。全文讲述了身体会影响人们的情绪，那么我们需要的是有一个特定的目标并为之努力获得成就，同时进行有规律的锻炼。本文的选材也是基于考生的需求，同时考查的全是实词，这是2013年重庆英语高考试题的一大改变，也是一大亮点。篇章短、考查广，“麻雀虽小，五脏俱全”，同时注重篇章的整体考查。
小题1:解析：选C。联系上文“人们很容易忽略身体对于情绪的影响”和下文的blaming“责备”可知本空选择C项，指的是当你“不高兴”的时候，你会发现你自己在抱怨工作压力或者是未知的将来，其他三项都不是表示情绪的形容词。
小题2:解析：选D。文章第二段中的最后一句和第三段中的第一句都提到exercise，因此我们可以确定此处应填exercise。
小题3:解析：选A。本题设置很合理，很有特点。根据like后面的举例——“比如一个新的个人跑步纪录或者是一个更好的体形”可推知，这里是指“在这个过程中，你有可能会设定一个明确的(clear)目标”。present表示“目前的”；common表示“普通的”；early表示“早的；早”。以上三者均不符合语境。
小题4:解析：选C。ability“能力”；relationship“关系”；confidence“信心”；business“生意”。选择C项confidence“信心”与下文的selfrespect“自尊”相对应。句意：一个特定目标的实现会使你感觉良好同时有助于你信心(confidence)的建立。
小题5:解析：选B。tear down“扯下，拆毁”；build up“增强；树立”；set aside“把……放置一旁；不理会”；give out“分发；公布；用尽”。本句指的是“树立自尊心”，所以答案为B项。
小题6:解析：选A。hard“努力地”；everywhere“各地，到处”；carefully“仔细地”；late“迟，晚”。根据下文的intensity可知，此处谈到了锻炼的强度。句意：你不必努力地训练使自己从心理上感觉到锻炼的益处。故hard符合语境。
小题7:解析：选D。根据最后一句“你可以尝试着每周步行5次，每次走30分钟或者是仅仅在周末做园艺工作”可知，作者认为重要的是锻炼的频率(frequency)，而不是锻炼的强度。 |
举一反三
(2013·高考北京卷，D)People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once，a new research suggests.The findings，based on performances and selfevaluations by about 275 college students，indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity，but because they are easily distracted (分心) and can’t focus on one activity.And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things，”said David Sanbonmatsu，a psychologist at the University of Utah.
Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked，how good they thought they were at it，and how sensationseeking (寻求刺激) or impulsive (冲动)they were.They then evaluated the participants’multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.
Not surprisingly，the scientists said，most people thought they were better than average at multitasking，and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once.But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test.They also were more likely to admit to sensationseeking and impulsive behavior，which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.
“People multitask not because it’s going to lead to greater productivity，but because they’re distractible，and they get sucked into things that are not as important，”Sanbonmatsu said.
Adam Gazzaley，a researcher at the University of California，San Francisco，who was not a member of the research group，said one limitation of the study was that it couldn’t find out whether people who start out less focused tend toward multitasking or whether people’s recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.
The findings do suggest，however，why the sensationseekers who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving.“People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.”said Paul Atchley，another researcher not in the group.“This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though they’re dangerous.”
小题1:The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask________.| A．seek high productivity constantly | | B．prefer handling different things when getting bored | | C．are more focused when doing many things at a time | | D．have the poorest results in doing various things at the same time |
小题2:When Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues conducted their research，they________.| A．assessed the multitasking ability of the students | | B．evaluated the academic achievements of the students | C．analyzed the effects of the participants’tricky mental
tasks | | D．measured the changes of the students’understanding ability |
小题3:According to Sanbonmatsu，people multitask because of their________.| A．limited power in calculation | | B．interests in doing things differently | | C．inability to concentrate on one task | | D．impulsive desire to try new things |
小题4:From the last paragraph，we can learn that multitaskers usually________.| A．drive very skillfully | | B．go in for difficult tasks | | C．fail to react quickly to potential dangers | | D．refuse to explain the reasons for their behavior |
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小题1:What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?| A．Blue. | B．Light yellow. | | C．Red. | D．Dark reddish purple. |
小题2:Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?| A．Because their spine is in active use. | | B．Because they are more easily affected by gravity. | | C．Because they keep growing backwards. | | D．Because their spine becomes more bent. |
小题3:Which of the following statements about our brain is true?| A．In the long run，our brain probably works harder than our heart. | | B．When our brain senses the spinning，we will feel dizzy. | | C．The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans. | | D．Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain. |
小题4:What is the main purpose of the selection?| A．To give advice on how to stay healthy. | | B．To provide information about our body. | | C．To challenge new findings in medical research. | | D．To report the latest discoveries in medical science. |
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German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.
The paper，published this March in Psychology and Aging，examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40,000 Germans between ages 18 and 96.The surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.
Survey respondents (受访者) were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10，among other questions.
The researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction，while middleaged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.Adults of 65 and older，however，were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction.Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would，the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and death for the study period.
“We observed that being too optimistic in predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade，”wrote Frieder R．Lang，a professor at the University of ErlangenNuremberg.
Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.
“Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施)，”the authors wrote.
Surprisingly，compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes，respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.Also，the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.
The authors of the study noted that there were limitations to their conclusions.Illness，medical treatment and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.
However，the researchers said a pattern was clear.“We found that from early to late adulthood，individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic，to accurate，to pessimistic，”the authors concluded.
小题1:According to the study，who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?| A．Optimistic adults. | | B．Middleaged adults. | | C．Adults in poor health. | | D．Adults of lower income. |
小题2:Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people________.| A．to fully enjoy their present life | | B．to estimate their contribution accurately | | C．to take measures against potential risks | | D．to value health more highly than wealth |
小题3:How do people of higher income see their future?| A．They will earn less money. | | B．They will become pessimistic. | | C．They will suffer mental illness. | | D．They will have less time to enjoy life. |
小题4:What is the clear conclusion of the study?| A．Pessimism guarantees chances of survival. | | B．Good financial condition leads to good health. | | C．Medical treatment determines health outcomes. | | D．Expectations of future life satisfaction decline with age. |
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Here is an astonishing and significant fact：Mental work alone can’t make us tired.It sounds absurd.But a few years ago，scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue (疲劳)．To the amazement of these scientists，they discovered that blood passing through the brain，when it is active，shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day laborer，we would find it full of fatigue toxins(毒素) and fatigue products.But if we took blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein，it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.
So far as the brain is concerned，it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning.The brain is totally tireless.So what makes us tired?
Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional(情感的) attitudes.One of England’s most outstanding scientists，J.A.Hadfield，says，“The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin.In fact，fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.”Dr.Brill，a famous American scientist，goes even further.He declares，“One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.”
What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction? No! A feeling of being bored，anger，anxiety，tenseness，worry，a feeling of not being appreciated－those are the emotions that tire sitting workers.Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue.We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.
小题1:What surprised the scientists a few years ago?| A．Fatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborer’s blood. | | B．Albert Einstein didn’t feel worn out after a day’s work. | | C．The brain could work for many hours without fatigue. | | D．A mental worker’s blood was filled with fatigue toxins. |
小题2:According to the author，which of the following can make sitting workers tired?| A．Challenging mental work. | | B．Unpleasant emotions. | | C．Endless tasks. | | D．Physical labor. |
小题3:What’s the author’s attitude towards the scientists’ ideas?| A．He agrees with them. | | B．He doubts them. | | C．He argues against them. | | D．He hesitates to accept them. |
小题4:We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic，sitting workers need to ________.| A．have some good food | | B．enjoy their work | | C．exercise regularly | | D．discover fatigue toxins |
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The United States is not part of the Kyoto Protocol.But since 2005 more than 1,000 mayors across the country have agreed to sign their own version of the protocol.
It is called the United States Conference of Mayors" Climate Protection Agreement.Local leaders have agreed to follow the suggestions of the Kyoto Protocol in their communities.They have also agreed to urge state and federal governments to follow these suggestions.One goal is to reduce air pollution to the 1990 levels by 2012.
A “green” city might work on several kinds of environmental goals and programs.These include air quality，reducing electricity use, green building, public health, the reuse of materials, water quality and clean transportation.
The Natural Resources Defense Council works to protect the environment through action, law and science.One of its online projects is called Smarter Cities, which lists some cities that have made important environmental steps.
Washington，D.C.is also a leading city for green roofs，with over 92,000 square meters of green rooftops.The city also launched a program called “Skip the Bag，Save the River.”Stores charge people a fivecent tax for using plastic or paper shopping bags instead of reusable bags.Money from the tax will be used to clean up a local river.
New York City is using water as a renewable energy source.For several years, the city has experimented with water in the East River to create energy.Officials operating the program recently asked for permission to put into place 30 river turbine devices.
The people of Portland, Oregon are among the top recyclers in the nation.People living there recycle over half of the waste they throw out.The city has also worked to provide green transportation by providing safe bike paths and free parking spaces where electric cars can get recharged.
In Oakland, California, you can ride on one of several public hydrogenpowered(氢气作燃料的) buses.These buses release zero pollution into the air.However，they cost about five times more than common buses.
小题1:The United States Conference of Mayors" Climate Protection Agreement is aimed at________.| A．reducing energy use | | B．reducing air pollution | | C．improving public health | | D．reusing waste materials |
小题2:Why are shoppers charged a fivecent tax for buying shopping bags?| A．To clean a local lake that has been polluted. | | B．To get enough money for the green roof project. | | C．To prevent shoppers from using reusable bags. | | D．To collect money for an environmental project. |
小题3:New York City is cited as an example of________.| A．building green rooftops | | B．making transportation clean | | C．being good at recycling waste | | D．using renewable energy source |
小题4:Which of the following cities encourage citizens to use bicycles?
A．Washington，D.C. B．New York.
C．Portland. D．Oakland.
小题5:One obvious disadvantage of adopting hydrogenpowered buses is________.| A．its high cost | B．side effect | | C．zero pollution | D．large space |
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