(2013·高考四川卷，E)Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head，according to
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(2013·高考四川卷，E)Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head，according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩) and pumping blood around their bodies，compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed.Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event，depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said：“Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.Dr Garfinkel said，“The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed.Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see－and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship，the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear，”Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced，we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders，and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
小题1:What is the finding of the study?| A．One’s heart affects how he feels fear. | | B．Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat. | | C．Fear has something to do with one’s health. | | D．One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear. |
小题2:The study was carried out by analyzing________.| A．volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures | | B．the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions | | C．volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans | | D．different pictures shown to volunteers and their heartbrain communication |
小题3:Which of the following is closest in meaning to“mechanism” in Paragraph 6?| A．Order. | B．System. | | C．Machine. | D．Treatment. |
小题4:This study may contribute to________.| A．treating anxiety and stress better | | B．explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety | | C．finding the key to the heartbrain communication | | D．understanding different fears in our hearts and heads |
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答案
小题1:A
小题1:C
小题1:B
小题1:A |
解析
本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了科学家通过研究揭示了恐惧与心脏和大脑的关系。
小题1:解析：选A。细节理解题。由全文和第四段最后一句Thus our hearts can...fear.可知我们的心跳影响我们对恐惧的感知，所以A符合题意。
小题2:解析：选C。由文章第四段和第五段可知，实验是通过分析志愿者对可怕图片的反应和他们的大脑扫描数据来进行的。A项“志愿者看到可怕图片时的心跳”太片面；B项中提到了身体健康状况，而文章中并没有提及，故排除；D项中的heartbrain communication是在实验后提到的，故也排除。
小题3:解析：选B。结合上文的实验可知，mechanism所在句句意为：我们已经发现了一个重要的(身体内的)机制，通过它心脏和大脑可以互相交流来改善我们的情绪并减少恐惧。故只有B项system“体系，系统”与mechanism意思相近。order“顺序，命令”；machine“机械，机器”；treatment“治疗”。
小题4:解析：选A。推理判断题。由最后一段中的．..we may be able to develop more...disorder.可知这个研究对治疗焦虑和压力有好处。所以选A项。 |
举一反三
(2013·高考重庆卷，B)It is easy to overlook the role that your body plays in influencing your mood(情绪)．When you are____，you may find yourself blaming work pressures or an unknown future.However，it could just be that you’ve been sitting behind your desk too long.
One way to improve your mood is____.Psychologically，it provides you with a break from the stresses in your life.Also，in the process，you may aim for____goals，like a new personal running record or a better body shape.The achievement of a particular goal makes you feel good and contributes to your____.That is why exercise has been shown to____your selfrespect.
You do not have to train yourself____to feel the psychological benefits of exercise.What really matters is____，not intensity(强度)of your exercise.You can try walking for 30 minutes five times per week or simply gardening on weekends.
| 小题1: | | A．ill | B．poor | | C．unhappy | D．unsuccessful |
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| 小题2: | | A．play | B．communication | | C．sleep | D．exercise |
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| 小题3: | | A．clear | B．present | | C．common | D．early |
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| 小题4: | | A．ability | B．relationship | | C．confidence | D．business |
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| 小题5: | | A．tear down | B．build up | | C．set aside | D．give out |
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| 小题6: | | A．hard | B．everywhere | | C．carefully | D．late |
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| 小题7: | | A．time | B．length | | C．form | D．frequency |
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(2013·高考北京卷，D)People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once，a new research suggests.The findings，based on performances and selfevaluations by about 275 college students，indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity，but because they are easily distracted (分心) and can’t focus on one activity.And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things，”said David Sanbonmatsu，a psychologist at the University of Utah.
Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked，how good they thought they were at it，and how sensationseeking (寻求刺激) or impulsive (冲动)they were.They then evaluated the participants’multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.
Not surprisingly，the scientists said，most people thought they were better than average at multitasking，and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once.But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test.They also were more likely to admit to sensationseeking and impulsive behavior，which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.
“People multitask not because it’s going to lead to greater productivity，but because they’re distractible，and they get sucked into things that are not as important，”Sanbonmatsu said.
Adam Gazzaley，a researcher at the University of California，San Francisco，who was not a member of the research group，said one limitation of the study was that it couldn’t find out whether people who start out less focused tend toward multitasking or whether people’s recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.
The findings do suggest，however，why the sensationseekers who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving.“People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.”said Paul Atchley，another researcher not in the group.“This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though they’re dangerous.”
小题1:The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask________.| A．seek high productivity constantly | | B．prefer handling different things when getting bored | | C．are more focused when doing many things at a time | | D．have the poorest results in doing various things at the same time |
小题2:When Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues conducted their research，they________.| A．assessed the multitasking ability of the students | | B．evaluated the academic achievements of the students | C．analyzed the effects of the participants’tricky mental
tasks | | D．measured the changes of the students’understanding ability |
小题3:According to Sanbonmatsu，people multitask because of their________.| A．limited power in calculation | | B．interests in doing things differently | | C．inability to concentrate on one task | | D．impulsive desire to try new things |
小题4:From the last paragraph，we can learn that multitaskers usually________.| A．drive very skillfully | | B．go in for difficult tasks | | C．fail to react quickly to potential dangers | | D．refuse to explain the reasons for their behavior |
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小题1:What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?| A．Blue. | B．Light yellow. | | C．Red. | D．Dark reddish purple. |
小题2:Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?| A．Because their spine is in active use. | | B．Because they are more easily affected by gravity. | | C．Because they keep growing backwards. | | D．Because their spine becomes more bent. |
小题3:Which of the following statements about our brain is true?| A．In the long run，our brain probably works harder than our heart. | | B．When our brain senses the spinning，we will feel dizzy. | | C．The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans. | | D．Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain. |
小题4:What is the main purpose of the selection?| A．To give advice on how to stay healthy. | | B．To provide information about our body. | | C．To challenge new findings in medical research. | | D．To report the latest discoveries in medical science. |
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German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.
The paper，published this March in Psychology and Aging，examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40,000 Germans between ages 18 and 96.The surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.
Survey respondents (受访者) were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10，among other questions.
The researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction，while middleaged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.Adults of 65 and older，however，were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction.Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would，the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and death for the study period.
“We observed that being too optimistic in predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade，”wrote Frieder R．Lang，a professor at the University of ErlangenNuremberg.
Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.
“Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施)，”the authors wrote.
Surprisingly，compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes，respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.Also，the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.
The authors of the study noted that there were limitations to their conclusions.Illness，medical treatment and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.
However，the researchers said a pattern was clear.“We found that from early to late adulthood，individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic，to accurate，to pessimistic，”the authors concluded.
小题1:According to the study，who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?| A．Optimistic adults. | | B．Middleaged adults. | | C．Adults in poor health. | | D．Adults of lower income. |
小题2:Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people________.| A．to fully enjoy their present life | | B．to estimate their contribution accurately | | C．to take measures against potential risks | | D．to value health more highly than wealth |
小题3:How do people of higher income see their future?| A．They will earn less money. | | B．They will become pessimistic. | | C．They will suffer mental illness. | | D．They will have less time to enjoy life. |
小题4:What is the clear conclusion of the study?| A．Pessimism guarantees chances of survival. | | B．Good financial condition leads to good health. | | C．Medical treatment determines health outcomes. | | D．Expectations of future life satisfaction decline with age. |
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Here is an astonishing and significant fact：Mental work alone can’t make us tired.It sounds absurd.But a few years ago，scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue (疲劳)．To the amazement of these scientists，they discovered that blood passing through the brain，when it is active，shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day laborer，we would find it full of fatigue toxins(毒素) and fatigue products.But if we took blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein，it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.
So far as the brain is concerned，it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning.The brain is totally tireless.So what makes us tired?
Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional(情感的) attitudes.One of England’s most outstanding scientists，J.A.Hadfield，says，“The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin.In fact，fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.”Dr.Brill，a famous American scientist，goes even further.He declares，“One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.”
What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction? No! A feeling of being bored，anger，anxiety，tenseness，worry，a feeling of not being appreciated－those are the emotions that tire sitting workers.Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue.We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.
小题1:What surprised the scientists a few years ago?| A．Fatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborer’s blood. | | B．Albert Einstein didn’t feel worn out after a day’s work. | | C．The brain could work for many hours without fatigue. | | D．A mental worker’s blood was filled with fatigue toxins. |
小题2:According to the author，which of the following can make sitting workers tired?| A．Challenging mental work. | | B．Unpleasant emotions. | | C．Endless tasks. | | D．Physical labor. |
小题3:What’s the author’s attitude towards the scientists’ ideas?| A．He agrees with them. | | B．He doubts them. | | C．He argues against them. | | D．He hesitates to accept them. |
小题4:We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic，sitting workers need to ________.| A．have some good food | | B．enjoy their work | | C．exercise regularly | | D．discover fatigue toxins |
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