The rapid growth of cities worldwide over the next two decades will cause signif

The rapid growth of cities worldwide over the next two decades will cause signif

题型:不详难度:来源:
The rapid growth of cities worldwide over the next two decades will cause significant risks to people and the global environment, according to analysis.
Researches from Yale and Stanford predict that by 2030 urban areas will expand by 590,000 square miles—nearly the size of Mongolia—to meet the needs of 1.47 billion more people living in urban areas.
“It is likely that these cities are going to be developed in places that are the most biologically diverse,” said Karen Seto, a famous scientist at Yale University. “They are going to be growing and expanding into forests, biological hotspots, savannas(热带稀缺大草原), coastlines—sensitive and vulnerable places.”
Urban areas, they found, have been expanding more rapidly along coasts. “Of all the places for cities to grow, coasts are the most sensitive. People and buildings along the coast are at risk of flooding and other environmental disasters,” said Seto.
The study provides the first estimate of how fast urban areas globally are growing and how fast they may grow in the future. “We know a lot about global patterns of urban population growth, but we know significantly less about how urban areas are changing,” she said. “Changes in land cover associated with urbanization lead to many environmental changes, from habitats loss and agricultural land conversion(转化) to changes in local and regional climate.”
The researchers examined studies that used satellite data to map urban growth and found that from 1970 to 2000 the world’s urban footprint had grown by at least 22,400 square miles—half the size of Ohio.
“This number is numerous, but, in actuality, urban land expansion has been far greater than what our analysis shows because we only looked at the published studies that used satellite data,” said Seto. “We found that 48 of the most populated urban areas have been studied using satellite data, with findings in journals. This means that we’re not tracking the physical expansion of more than half of the world’s largest cities.”
Half of urban land expansion in China is driven by a rising middle class, whereas the size of cities in India and Africa is driven primarily by population growth. “Rising incomes translate into rising demand for bigger homes and more land for urban development, which has a great effect on biodiversity conservations, loss of carbon sinks and energy use.”
小题1:According to the passage, the most dangerous place for city expansion is the _____.
A.forestB.desertC.savannasD.coastline
小题2:The underlined word “vulnerable” (in Para. 3) probably means “____”.
A.diverse in plantsB.beautiful in scenery
C.easily damagedD.very productive
小题3:From Para. 5, we can infer that ____.
A.urbanization is a good way to improve people’s standards of living
B.cities develop very fast and more and more people come to live in cities
C.more and more agricultural farmlands are used to make room for local animals
D.in the past, researchers focused their attention on the expanding urban areas
小题4:Cities in Africa become bigger and bigger mainly because of their ____.
A.growing populationB.rising middle class
C.unique living patternsD.economic development

答案

小题1:D
小题2:C
小题3:B
小题4:A
解析

试题分析:本文主要讲述的是城市化的迅速发展导致了很多城市的规模扩大,城市人口变多,对环境产生很大的影响和破坏。
小题1:D 细节题。根据文章第三段“Of all the places for cities to grow, coasts are the most sensitive. People and buildings along the coast are at risk of flooding and other environmental disasters,” said Seto.可知最危险的地方就是海岸线,故D正确。
小题2:C 推理题。根据本句“They are going to be growing and expanding into forests, biological hotspots, savannas(热带稀缺大草原), coastlines—sensitive and vulnerable places.”可知这里的sensitive and vulnerable places就是 指coastlines而这个地方又是对环境破坏很敏感的地方,海岸线的生态环境又是特别容易受到影响的地方。故C正确。
小题3:B 推理题。根据本段1,2行The researchers examined studies that used satellite data to map urban growth and found that from 1970 to 2000 the world’s urban footprint had grown by at least 22,400 square miles—half the size of Ohio.可知现在城市的发展速度很快,城市的居民的数量也越来越多。故B正确。
小题4:A 细节题。根据文章最后一段1,2行Half of urban land expansion in China is driven by a rising middle class, whereas the size of cities in India and Africa is driven primarily by population growth.可知中国的城市人口变多是因为中国的中产阶级变多,而非洲则是因为人口的迅速增加。故A正确。
点评:本文主要讲述的是城市化的迅速发展导致了很多城市的规模扩大,城市人口变多,对环境产生很大的影响和破坏。测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力,要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系,对未说明的趋势或结局作出合理的推断;或根据作者所阐述的观点理论,对文章未涉及的现象、事例给以解释。考生首先要仔细阅读短文,完整了解信息,准确把握作者观点。
举一反三
Why should you go to college? One important answer to this question is more __16___. As opposed to generations of the past, high school graduates today are _17___ to get the number of high-paid jobs that were __18__ available. The U.S. has been changed from a manufacturing-based economy into an economy based on ___19_, and the importance of a college education today can be _20___ to that of a high school education forty years ago. It __21__ as the gateway to better choices and more opportunity.
There are __22_ reasons as to why it is important to go to college. When students _23__ a post-secondary education, they have the opportunity to read books and listen to the __24__ of top experts in their fields. It __25__ students to think, ask questions, and __26_ new ideas, which allows for additional growth and ___27_ and provides college graduates with an edge in the job market __28__ those who have not experienced a higher education.
The importance of a college education is also because of the opportunity to __29__ valuable resources. The more connections which are __30___ during your college career, the more _31___ you will have when you begin your job search. Once you have ended your job search and have started your career, ___32__, the importance of a college education has not been exhausted. Having a college degree often __33_ greater promotion opportunity.
So, why should you go to college? The reasoning does not begin and end with the _34___ aspect. A good education is __35__ from many different viewpoints, and while the importance of a college education is quite evident for many high school students, what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education.
小题1:
A.timeB.freedomC.respectD.opportunity
小题2:
A.likelyB.unableC.afraidD.unwilling
小题3:
A.onceB.justC.neverD.also
小题4:
A.natureB.cultureC.knowledgeD.agriculture
小题5:
A.referredB.addedC.devotedD.compared
小题6:
A.followsB.servesC.unitesD.disappears
小题7:
A.additionalB.secretC.interestingD.financial
小题8:
A.discussB.ignoreC.experienceD.imagine
小题9:
A.storiesB.requestsC.suggestionD.lecture
小题10:
A.helpsB.encouragesC.forbidsD.advises
小题11:
A.designB.exploreC.changeD.refuse
小题12:
A.developmentB.paymentC.agreementD.experiment
小题13:
A.forB.overC.inD.with
小题14:
A.admireB.satisfyC.gainD.notice
小题15:
A.removedB.collectedC.explainedD.controlled
小题16:
A.inventionsB.choicesC.worriesD.salaries
小题17:
A.besidesB.thereforeC.howeverD.otherwise
小题18:
A.savesB.includesC.ensuresD.means
小题19:
A.lifeB.characterC.communicationD.job
小题20:
A.freeB.rareC.beneficialD.absent

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
Teachers and parents usually call attention to the pictures when they read storybooks to pre-school children. But a new study suggests that calling attention to the words and letters on the page may lead to better readers.
The two-year study compared children who were read in this way in class with children who were not. Those whose teachers most often discussed the print showed clearly higher skills in reading, spelling and understanding. These results were found one year and even two years later.
Shayne Piasta, an assistant professor of teaching and learning at Ohio State University, was an author of the study. She says most pre-school teachers would find this method manageable and would need only a small change in the way they teach. They already read story-books in class. The only difference would be increased attention to the printed text. “If you get children to pay attention to letters and words, it makes sense that they will do better at word recognition and spelling.” But she says research suggests that very few parents and teachers do this in a systematic way.
More than 300 children aged four and five were observed in classrooms. They came from poor families and were below average in their language skills. For thirty weeks, the children took part in a program called Project STAR--- Sit Together and Read. The project is based at Ohio State. It tests the short-term and long-term results of reading regularly to pre-school children in their classrooms.
There are different ways that adults can talk to children about print. They can point to a letter and discuss it, and even trace the shape with a finger. They can point out a word and discuss the meaning of the print or how the words tell the story. And they can talk about the organization of the print--- for instance, showing how words are written left to right in English.
小题1:What do we know about the ways pre-school children are usually taught?
A.More attention is paid to the pictures ,with words and letters being ignored.
B.Preference is given to the shape of letters and the organization of the print.
C.The focus of the teaching is on bringing them up to be good readers.
D.Equal attention is paid to the texts and the pictures.
小题2:What does Shayne Piasta suggest pre-school teachers should do in class?
A.Teach children how to draw pictures to get an idea of what they mean.
B.Change the way they teach and pay more attention to words and letters.
C.Adopt different methods according to the students’ difference in reading skills.
D.Read storybooks to children rather than explain the meaning of the pictures.
小题3:Which of the following is TRUE about the study on language skills of pre-school children?
A.Many teachers want to change their way of teaching pre-school children.
B.Attention on the pictures has made the children uninterested in reading.
C.Project STAR aims to research into the results of reading books to pre-school children in the classroom.
D.Teachers are often prevented from taking different approaches to language teaching.
小题4:Which section of a magazine does the passage probably come from?
A.Fashion.B.Economy .C.Entertainment.D.Education.

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
There have been big changes in the attitudes of most parents over the last few years. Physical punishment is banned in schools in most countries, and in many countries, there are moves to ban all physical punishment of children even at home. However, many parents still believe that they have the right to use some physical punishments to deal with certain misbehavior at certain ages.
It’s easy to find reasons to allow some physical punishments. One issue is that many parents find it very difficult to abandon physical punishment completely. Parents argue that this was the way they were brought up and that it didn’t do any harm to them. They believe that for the child’s sake they have the right to discipline the child in any way they consider fit, including using some physical punishments. The other one is that physical punishment can be quick and effective. There is not much point reasoning with a screaming child in the supermarket.
However, there are several reasons why we should stop using physical punishment. One point is that most parents are not trained to deal with misbehaving children. They don’t have enough resources or choices to handle the situation. As a result, they immediately react by hitting the child even if there are other solutions to the problem. Another point is that unless people are challenged or forced to change their belief, they may keep following negative habits. An example is seat belt use —now most people wear seat belts without thinking, while years ago the idea of using seat belts was strange to most people. In the same way, banning physical punishment will force people to change their habits.
In conclusion, parents have to change some of their belief and ideas about how children should be raised. It is possible to avoid the use of physical force, and doing so will help us move closer to the dream of removing violence from our society.
小题1:According to the first paragraph, many parents think that ____________.
A.they are free to use physical punishment on their children
B.most of the children behave badly in their daily life
C.they have changed their attitudes towards their children
D.physical punishment is effective to educate their children
小题2:Many parents won’t give up physical punishment because _____________.
A.they are disappointed with their children
B.they were brought up just in the same way
C.they don’t want to hurt their children badly
D.they don’t know what to do with their children
小题3:The author gives the example of using seat belts in order to show ____________.
A.most people are used to wearing seat belts
B.it’s not difficult to change some negative habits
C.seat belts are really very necessary and useful
D.people won’t change their old habits unless forced
小题4:The main purpose of the author in writing this passage is to ____________.
A.talk about a ban on using physical punishment
B.tell us we should educate our children in other ways
C.advise parents to give up using physical punishment
D.suggest physical punishment should be used at home

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
More than 200 scientists have completed a two­year study to identify the most natural and undeveloped areas on Earth. Their findings are reported in a new book called Wilderness:Earth’s Last Wild Places. The book describes 37 wilderness areas around the world. Each has an area greater than 10,000 square kilometers. The study considered only areas where at least 70% of all plants are native.
North and South America are home to the largest number of wilderness areas. There are 16 such areas, from southern Argentina to Alaska and northern Canada. Africa has 8 wilderness areas, including the thick forests and the grasslands. Australia and New Guinea (几内亚) share 6 areas. Europe has 3 areas and Asia has 2.The Arabian Desert and Antarctica also are considered wilderness areas.
The largest wilderness area is the Boreal Forest (北方森林).It extends for 16­million square kilometers south of the Arctic Circle. The Boreal Forest extends across Alaska, Canada, northern Europe and Russia. The smallest of the 37 wilderness areas is the Sundarbans. It is the world’s largest tidal mangrove forest (红树林).It covers 10,000 square kilometers of land at the mouth of the Ganges River in India and Bangladesh (孟加拉国).
The study found that wilderness areas cover about 46% of the Earth’s land surface. However, they are home to less than 2.5% of the world’s population. Nineteen of the wilderness areas have only about one person for each square kilometer. Native people usually live in these areas.
Wilderness areas help to influence the world’s weather systems and rainfall. They are also home to many plants and animals. Population growth and the spread of agriculture and mining operations threaten wilderness areas. But just 7% of all such areas have some form of official protection.
小题1:What does the author think of the wilderness areas around the world in the book?
A.Unwanted.B.Long-lasting.C.ValuableD.Perfect.
小题2:The writer describes the wilderness areas to show that they ________.
A.are worth the public supportB.can attract readers’ attention
C.need to be stressed as resourcesD.are seen on every continent
小题3:According to the 4th paragraph, we can draw a conclusion that the 37 wilderness areas are ________.
A.desertedB.crowdedC.uncontrolledD.undeveloped
小题4:As the result of the effect on nature, the wilderness areas on Earth should be ________.
A.thought more of by the governmentsB.explored as natural habitats very soon
C.further made full use of at presentD.discovered for their advantages of nature
小题5:The purpose of writing this text is to tell us ________of the wilderness areas around the world.
A.the importanceB.the situationC.the developmentD.the environment

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child"s acquisition (学会) of each new skill -- the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.
Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over time of coming home at night or punctuality(准时)for meals. In general, the controls represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child"s own happiness.
As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency(前后一致) is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality (道德). Also, parents should realize that "example is better than precept". If they are not sincere and do not practice what they preach (说教), their children may grow confused when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents" principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.
小题1:Eagerly watching the child’s acquisition of new skills, _________________.
A.should be avoided
B.is universal among parents
C.sets up dangerous states of worry in the child
D.will make the child lose interest in learning new things
小题2:In the process of children’s learning new skills, parents _________________.
A.should encourage them to read before they know the meaning of the words they read
B.should expect a lot of the children
C.should achieve a balance between pushing them too hard and leaving them on their own
D.should create as many learning opportunities as possible
小题3:The second paragraph mainly tells us that _________________.
A.parents should be strict with their children
B.parental controls reflect only the values of the community
C.parental restrictions vary, and are not always for the benefit of the children alone
D.it’s parents’ and society’s duty to control the children
小题4:The word“precept” in Paragraph 3 probably means “_________________”.
A.opinion B.punishmentC.behaviorD.instruction
小题5:In terms of moral matters, parents should _____________________.
A.follow the rules themselves
B.be aware of the huge difference between adults and children
C.forbid things which have no foundation in morality
D.always ensure the security of their children

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