Since the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with
题型：不详难度：来源：
Since the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers．Brain-computer interface（BCI） technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines．
Recently, two researchers, Jose Millan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic School in Lausanne, Switzerland, demonstrated（展示）a small robotic wheelchair directed by a person’s thoughts．
In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand．He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts．
“Our brain has billions of nerve cells．These send signals through the spinal cord（脊髓）to the muscles to give us the ability to move．But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles,” Tavella says．“Our system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices．”
The researchers designed a special cap for the user．This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp（头皮）and sends them to a computer．The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair． The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path．They help the computer react to commands from the brain．
Prof．Millan, the team leader, says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands．“The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories: communication, and controlling devices．One example is this wheelchair．”
He says his team has set two goals．One is testing with real patients, so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from．And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time．
小题1:BCI is a technology that can .| A．help to update computer systems | B．link the human brain with computers | | C．help the disabled to recover | D．control a person"s thoughts |
小题2:How did Tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory? | A．By controlling his muscles． | B．By talking to the machine． | | C．By moving his hand． | D．By using his mind． |
小题3:The team will test with real patients to .| A．make profits from them | B．prove the technology useful to them | | C．make them live longer | D．learn about their physical condition |
小题4:Which of the following would be the best title for the text?| A．Switzerland, the BCI Research Center | | B．New Findings About How the Human Brain Works | | C．BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the Disabled | | D．Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:D
小题3:B
小题4:C |
解析
试题分析：
小题1:B 细节题。根据第一段scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers．Brain-computer interface（BCI） technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines．说明这种机器正是可以把人脑和计算机连接起来的，故B正确。
小题2:D 细节题。根据第三段第一行Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand．说明他只是在思考在想，故D正确。
小题3:B 细节题。根据文章倒数第二段The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories说明他们呀把这个技术运用于人的人上来证明这个技术的用途。故B正确。
小题4:C 主旨大意题。文章讲述的是这种技术可以让人用意念来控制自己的行动，这对于那些残疾人是很都帮助的。故C正确。
点评：文章讲述的是这种技术可以让人用意念来控制自己的行动，这对于那些残疾人是很都帮助的。本文属于科普类短文，考生要注意文章中可能会有较多的生词，要扫清语言的障碍，首先要有猜测词义的能力，同时要有总览全文的意识，抓住文章的中心思想。 |
举一反三
Like distance runners on a measured course，all of us will move through time in a roughly predictable pattern．
In the first stage of our lives，we develop and grow, reaching toward the top of physical vitality(活力)．
After we grow up，however, the body begins a process of gradually wearing out．
A new awareness of physical fitness may help lengthen our years of health and vitality，yet nothing we do will work to stop the unavoidable force of aging．
Most of the changes of aging take place deep inside the body．The lungs become less able to take in oxygen．Powerful muscles gradually lose their strength．The heart loses power and pumps less blood．Bones grow easier to break．
Finally, we meet a stress，a stress that is greater than our physical resistance．Often，it is only a minor accident or chance infection(a disease caused by virus)，but this time，it brings life to an end．
In 1932，a classic experiment nearly doubled the lifetime of rats，simply by cutting back the calories in their diet The reason for the effect was then unknown．
Today, at the University of California at Berkley, Dr．Paul Seagle has also greatly lengthened the normal lifetime of rats．The result was achieved through a special protein limited diet，which had a great effect on the chemistry of the brain．Seagle showed that within the brain，specific chemicals control many of the signals that influence aging．By changing that chemical balance，the clock of aging can be reset．
For the first time, the mystery of why we age is being seriously challenged．Scientists in many fields are now making striking and far-reaching discoveries．
An average lifetime lasts 75 years，yet in each of us lies a potential for a longer life．If we could keep the vitality and resistance to disease that we have at age twenty, we would live for 800 years．
小题1:What does the underlined word “it” refer to?| A．Physical vitality． | B．Stress． | C．Aging． | D．Physical resistance． |
小题2:Which of the following is not a change of aging?| A．People gradually lose their muscle strength． | | B．Bones tend to break more easily． | | C．The heart loses power and pumps less blood． | | D．The lungs become unable to take in oxygen． |
小题3:The author believes the following except that ．| A．human"s life pattern is predictable | | B．physical fitness can"t stop the force of aging | | C．human"s lifetime will last longer than 75 years | | D．all of the changes of aging take place deep inside the body |
小题4:How did Dr．Paul Seagle lengthen the lifetime of rats in his experiment?| A．By keeping their physical fitness． | B．By cutting the calories in their diet． | | C．By resetting their clock of aging． | D．By limiting the protein in their diet． |
小题5:What is probably the best title for the article?| A．Two Great Experiments | | B．The Mystery of Human Life | | C．The Breakthrough in the Study of Aging | | D．Ways to lengthen Human Life |
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People should be warned against using mobile phones outdoors in stormy weather because they may“be struck by lightning”，according to doctors．
Three experts have described how a teenage girl was struck by lightning while using her phone in a large London park．The girl，aged 15，recovered，but a year later was still wheelchair-bound and found to be suffering complex physical and emotional problems.
The girl also had a perforate eardrum(打孔耳膜)on the side where she had been holding the mobile phone．She was having general recovery in Northwick Park Hospital，Middlesex．
Swinda Esprit，a senior house officer, said that while the brain and muscle damage was similar to that of many lightning victims—who can experience heart attacks on being struck—the ear problems were not．
She said that the damages were particularly relevant for people who might be involved in less serious lightning incidents，who might otherwise recover, but would never get their full hearing back if struck while on the phone．
“We were shocked by the damage，which is why we wanted to draw attention to it，”Dr Esprit said．“A year on and she still was suffering these difficult hearing．”
They added that three other cases had been reported in newspapers in China，South Korea，and Malaysia．In the Malaysian case，a sales executive was killed by lightning while talking on his phone during a thunderstorm near Kuala Lumpur．
“All these events resulted in death，”the doctors wrote．“This rare phenomenon is a public health issue，and education is necessary to stress the risk．”
The Australian Lightning Protection Standard recommends that metallic objects，including cordless or mobile phones，should not be carried outdoors during thunderstorms．However, “the United States National Weather Service says on its website that both are safe to use “because there is no direct path between you and the lightening”．
Paul Taylor, of “the Met Office"’，said the ear injuries were a consequence of mobile phones being metal，and not related to radio waves．
Mr. Taylor said that mobile phones should be treated as another piece of metal，similar to carrying coins or wearing rings，and people need to be warned against the possible danger．
小题1:What do we know about the teenage girl?| A．She was struck by lightning at schoo1． | | B．She completely recovered from being struck． | | C．She still suffered from mental problems． | | D．She had to press her ear all day． |
小题2:It can be inferred that damage done by lightening while using mobile phones .| A．is more serious than that when one is not using a mobile phone | | B．can be healed quickly except for heart attacks | | C．is less serious because the victims can usually recover | | D．is mainly in the brain and muscle of the victims |
小题3:Why did doctors stress the risk about using phones outside in lightening?| A．Because more people are faced with it． | | B．Because some deaths have been caused． | | C．Because lightning is harmful for the brain． | | D．Because a teenage girl got killed． |
小题4:We can infer from the last three paragraphs that .| A．both cordless and mobile phones are safe to use outside in lightning | | B．there is no direct connection between lightning and ear injuries at all | | C．opinions differ as to whether it is safe to use mobiles phones in lightning | | D．ear injuries are the result of carrying coins or wearing rings in lightning |
小题5:The purpose in writing this passage is .| A．to draw attention to the risk of using mobile phones in lightening | | B．to focus on various damages done to lightning victims | | C．to tell us the news that a teenage girl was struck by lightning | | D．to stress the danger of making phone calls in lightning |
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阅读下面短文，请根据短文后的要求进行答题。（请注意问题后的字数要求）
[1]Keeping a busy social life among lots of friends may keep people slimmer than spending hours on a treadmill, according to scientists. They say that socializing and meeting with friends helps boost levels of ‘brown fat’ in the boby which burns calories to generate heat.
[2]Living in a stimulating, social environment was found to reduce abdominal fat in mice by half over four weeks, even if they ate more. US researchers say that social stimulation can
by converting white fat into brown, White stores calories and makes us fatter, while brown burns energy to generate heat .Converting white fat into brown is difficult, as we all know, normally requiring long term exposure to cold conditions or activating part of the body’s nervous system
[3]However, scientists from Ohio State University now think that having a busy social life is an even more effective way of changing white fat into brown, The team came up with their theory by studying the effects of various living environments on mice. Those who lived alongside a greater number of mice and had more space and toys to stimulate them lost far more weight over the course of the study than their ‘couch potato’ ones.
[4]Study author Dr. Mattew During, whose team’s findings appear in journal Cell Metabolism said: I’m still amazed at the degree of fat loss that occurs. Explaining how new technology had threatened face-to-face socializing, he added: ‘It’s not just a sedentary lifestyle and high calorie foods, but an increasing lack of social engagement.’
[5]Co-author Dr. Lei Cao said: ‘Loneliness is a profound factor for cancer and death; it’s on par with cigarette smoking. Social engagement is very important’.
小题1:What’s the main idea of this passage? (no more than 10 words)
小题2:Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words. (no more than 5 words)
小题3:What’s the purpose of the study of mice? (no more than 20 words)
小题4:How does socializing help make people slim? (no more than 15 words)
小题5:Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.
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Morocco is located at the northwest of Africa and is bordered in the north by the strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea. The Atlantic Ocean keeps the west and the north of the country more temperate(温和的). The country also offers the broadest plains some of which run along the Atlantic Ocean and the highest mountains in North Africa including the Atlas Mountains.
Starting with the symbol of Morocco, Marrakech is a beautiful city that has remained unspoiled by the volume of tourists that flock there each year. One of the finest monuments in Morocco is greatly benefited by this amount of tourism. Actually their high volume contributes in a positive way to preserve one of the greatest monuments of Morocco.
Fes is the third largest city in Morocco and is the capital of the Fes-Boulemane Region. It is separated into three parts, Fes el Bali more commonly known as the old walled city, now classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Fes-Jdid and the Ville Nouvelle. Fes el Bali is believed to be the largest car-free urban area in the world. Fes is a splendid place to visit to heighten the senses with the colours, smells and sounds.
Casablanca is an enormous city which is near the capital of Morocco and a place where any European would feel at home. Casablanca was made famous by the movie and gives the impression of being a romantic place. Unfortunately like many other popular cities around the world, it is crowded, noisy, and polluted, a far cry from the romantic ideal of the film. Because it has the biggest port, Casablanca being the important city of Morocco, has everything that the tourists need.
Asilah is a city situated on the Atlantic Ocean and is one of the most stunning(出色的) old cities of Morocco. The city is set along the cliffs which make it beautifully presented and an ideal place to continue adding to its economy by the fishermen. The economy is also reliant on the trading of cattle, sheep and cereal. If you are having a holiday in Morocco during August then you will be fortunate enough to experience one of Asilah’s cultural festivals where you can enjoy the lively music and wonderful paintings.
小题1:How many cities in Morocco are introduced in the passage?小题2:If you want to live conveniently while you are on vacation, which city in Morocco could you choose?| A．Marrakech. | B．Fes. | C．Casablanca. | D．Asilah. |
小题3:Which of the following is true according to the passage?| A．If you want to enjoy music and paintings, you can visit Asilah at any time. | | B．Casablanca is as romantic as what is shown in the movie. | | C．Fes is the capital of Morocco. | | D．Marrakech is the symbol of Morocco. |
小题4:The passage most probably appears .| A．in a geography book | B．in a magazine | | C．in a history book | D．in an atlas（地图册） |
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Bursting into the classroom from recess(学生的课间休息), 15 children take their seats and face the woman they know as Ms. Yang.
“What day is it today?”she asks, in Mandarin(普通话的旧称) Chinese.
“Confucius’ birthday!”the fifth graders shout in Mandarin.
“Why do we celebrate Confucius’ birthday?”
“Because he’s the greatest teacher in the history of China!”exclaims a brown-haired girl. She too is speaking Mandarin.
English is rarely heard in Lisa Yang’s class at the Chinese American International School(CAIS), despite the fact that few students are native speakers of Mandarin.
The United States is actively trying to increase the group of students in“critical languages”such as Mandarin. The students at CAIS are way ahead in such a trend.
Mandarin explosion in America
Founded 25 years ago, this small private school in San Francisco, USA, does what few other American schools do: It produces fully fluent speakers of Mandarin Chinese, by far the most commonly spoken language in the world.
Mandarin Chinese is suddenly hot in American schools. As China becomes the world’s leading economy sometimes this century, schools in the U.S. are scrambling to add Mandarin to their roster of foreign languages or expand Chinese programs already in place.
“It really is almost unprecedented(无前例的). People are looking at China as a force to be reckoned with…And to ensure that the U.S. has the ability to conduct trade, and to work with the Chinese, certainly having an understanding of Chinese language and culture is an advantage,”said Marty Abbott of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages(ACTFL)(美国外语教学协会).
Cultural differences in teaching styles
To develop Chinese-language programs has not been smooth. A shortage of trained teachers has made it difficult for some schools to join the race. When schools do get teachers, they often hire them straight from China, and the teachers usually suffer culture shock when they come to the U.S.
Robert Liu remembers his first two years in an American classroom. It was not an easy adjustment. “In China, students respect their teachers,”he said. Liu found that American students, however, expect an active teaching style. He had to use games to engage them rather than lectures.
To avoid many of the problems with foreign teaching styles, the CAIS has been working with the Chinese government to improve training of teachers who are sent to the U.S.
小题1:Which of the following is the best title?| A．Mandarin speaks to a growing audience in America | | B．Chinese-language programs | | C．Mandarin Chinese | | D．The Chinese American International School(CAIS) |
小题2:What kind of problem is the most difficult to adjust in teaching Chinese in America?| A．To adapt to the life there. | | B．To communicate with the American students. | | C．To get along well with the American students. | | D．To be fit for the cultural differences in teaching styles. |
小题3:The meaning of the underlined word“scrambling”is similar to .| A．climbing | B．rushing | C．changing | D．beating |
小题4:It can be inferred from the passage that .| A．the students in Lisa Yang’s class usually speak Chinese | | B．there are few American students in Lisa Yang’s class | | C．we celebrate Confucius’ birthday because he’s the greatest teacher in the history of China | | D．in America the students don’t respect their teachers |
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