Methods of training animals have changed greatly in recent years. Zoo keepers ha
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Methods of training animals have changed greatly in recent years. Zoo keepers have always had problems getting the animals to leave their cages in order for the cages to be cleaned, and also training them to move indoors when appropriate. Another problem was that many of the large animals became listless and bored. In the last twenty years, scientists have done research on dolphins and whales, training them to obey commands. The scientists found they could get animals to obey by rewarding them with food and affection when they responded correctly.
Proper training allows the animals to receive the care they need. It was very difficult to get untrained animals, especially the larger ones, to stay still when they needed medical attention. Now they can be trained, on command, to remain still and even to allow blood samples to be taken and shots administered. All this is accomplished through positive reinforcement, without the use of any force. Affection training, as this process is called, has been used with great success on a wide variety of zoo animals. Animal behavior experts have taught zoo keepers to train bears, tigers, monkeys, and many other species to behave in a way that provides for better animal-keeper interaction. This training also keeps the animals from becoming bored and inactive.
Although some people proclaim(谴责) that this training is inhumance and cruel to animals, results have shown that captive(猎获的)animals who previously were not doing well flourish under the new training procedures.
小题1:The word “listless” means _______.| A．countless | B．obedient | | C．inactive | D．mysterious |
小题2: Which of the following is valid conclusion based on this passage?| A．It is safe to pet any animal. | | B．Many animals respond favorably to rewards and affection. | | C．Animals in the wild can be trained. | | D．Animals should not be kept in zoos. |
小题3:The writer"s purpose is to _______.| A．persuade people not to feed animals in the zoo | | B．show how easy it is to train animals | | C．explain method of training animals through rewards | | D．criticize zoo keepers |
小题4:Which of the following is an opinion?| A．Zoo keepers had problems in getting animals to leave their cages. | | B．Training is cruel to animals. | | C．Animals obey commands if they are trained to do so. | | D．Many animals can be trained, on commands, to remain still. |
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答案
小题1:C
小题2:B
小题3:C
小题4:B |
解析
小题1:根据第一段listless后面的bored用近义词法可推断出它的意思,另外根据第二段的最后一句“This training also keeps the animals from becoming bored and inactive.”也可以推断出。
小题2:题干中的valid的意思是“有充分依据的”。根据第一段中的“The scientists found they could get animals to obey by rewarding them with food and affection when they responded correctly.”和第二段中的“Proper training allows the animals to receive the care they need.”可推知答案。
小题3:通读短文可知文章的主旨为介绍通过奖励和关爱训练动物的方法,由此可推知作者的写作意图。
小题4:opinion必须是概括性或总结性的阐述,所以只有B项是,而其他几项都是细节和事实。 |
举一反三
Parents often believe that they have a good relationship with their teenagers. But last summer, Joanna and Henry noticed a change in their older son, suddenly he seemed to be talking far more to his friends than to his parents. “The door to his room is always shut,” Joanna noted.
Tina and Mark noticed similar changes in their 14-year-old daughter. “She used to cuddle up(蜷伏) with me on the soft and talk,” said Mark.“Now we joke that she does this only when she wants something. Sometimes she wants to be treated like a young lady. The problem is figuring out which time is which.”
Before age 11, children like to tell their parents what"s on their minds.“In fact, parents are first on the list,” said Michael Riera, author of Uncommon Sense for Parents with Teenagers.“This completely changes during the teen years.” Riera explained.“They talk to their friends first, then maybe their teachers, and their parents last.”
Parents who know what"s going on in their teenagers" lives are in the best position to help them. To break down the wall of silence, parents should create chances to understand what their children want to say, and try to find ways to talk and write to them. And they must give their children a mental break, for children also need freedom, though young.Another thing parents should remember is that to be friend, not a manager, with their children is a better way to know them.
小题1:“The door to his room is always shut” suggests that the son_______.| A．is always busy with his studies | | B．doesn"t want to be disturbed | | C．keeps himself away from his parents | | D．begins to dislike his parents |
小题2:What troubles Tina and Mark most is that _______.| A．their daughter isn"t as lovely as before | | B．they can"t read their daughter"s mind exactly | | C．they don"t know what to say to their daughter | | D．their daughter talks with them only when she needs help |
小题3:Which of the following best explains “the wall of silence” in the last paragraph?| A．Teenagers talk a lot with their friends. | | B．Teenagers do not want to understand their parents. | | C．Teenagers do not talk much with their parents. | | D．Teenagers talk little about their own lives. |
小题4:What can be learned from the passage?| A．Parents are unhappy with their growing children. | | B．Parents have suitable ways to talk with their teenagers. | | C．Parents should be patient with their silent teenagers. | | D．Parents should try to understand their teenagers. |
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It will be hot—hot enough that most locals will have cleared town for cooler places. But because athletes competing at the 2004 Olympics have no choice but to stay in the hot weather, many plan to turn to science to stay cool.
Some will put their hands in ice water just before competing and nearly all will be wearing fabrics(织物) designed with hot weather in mind.
“Normally we warm up before exercise,”said Gordon Sleivert, director of sports science and medicine at the Canadian Sport Center in Victoria, British Columbia.“But in this case we"re taking the warm out of warm up. It"s like pre-cooling.”
Experts are predicting(预测) the average high this August in Athens will be 90 degrees Fahrenheit, with temperatures often reaching above 100(the average temperature in Sydney for the 2000 summer games was 64).
Although some events, such as the marathon, will start early(1 a.m.) to avoid hot weather, other competitors will be pushing their limits during high temperatures. Drinking lots of water will help athletes keep cool, but humidity(湿度) remains a problem. The body"s ability to cool down is weakened by damp air since sweat drips off the skin rather than evaporates(蒸发),resulting in dehydration(脱水) without the cooling.
“Getting hot is a real problem because when our brains heats up, the brain waves are more like when you"re really sleepy. Everything feels harder,” said Sleivert.
小题1: The passage mainly tells us that _______.| A．why it is very hot in Athens | | B．the hot weather is a big problem for Olympic athletes | | C．how important science is to every athlete | | D．the Olympics will be put off because of the hot weather |
小题2:The underlined sentence “other competitors will be pushing their limits during high temperatures”in the fifth paragraph means _______.| A．Olympic athletes will put off their competition time | | B．some events in the Olympics will have to be put forward | | C．competitors can"t reach their limits in the hot weather | | D．competitors will have to try their best to compete under any condition |
小题3:The following things will be likely to happen in the hot weather EXCEPT _______.| A．dehydration | | B．being sleepy | | C．that the blood in the body can become less and less | | D．that the body"s ability to cool down is weakened |
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For some time past,it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards(报酬)”,and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological(生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and to teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other.Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response(回答) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children"s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” some lights—and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about(产生) this result,for example,two left or two right,or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek"s light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely although they would “smile and speak” when the light was on.Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them.It was the success they were achieving in solving the problem,in mastering the skill,and then there is a basic human nature to make sense of the world and bring it under control.
小题1:According to the writer,babies learn to do things which _______.| A．will satisfy their surprise | B．will meet their physical needs | | C．are directly connected to pleasure | D．will bring them a feeling of success |
小题2:Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _______.| A．would make learned responses when it saw the milk | | B．would continue the simple movements without being given milk | | C．would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink | | D．would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink |
小题3:In Papousek"s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _______.| A．be praised | B．please their parents | | C．be rewarded with milk | D．have the lights turned on |
小题4:The babies would “smile and speak” at the lights because _______.| A．they succeeded in “turning on” the lights | | B．the sight of lights was interesting | | C．they need not turn back to watch the lights | | D．the lights were directly connected to some basic “drives” |
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In a few years, you might be able to speak Chinese, Korean, Japanese, French,and English—and all at the same time. This sounds incredible, but Alex Waibel,a computer science professor at US"s Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and Germany"s University of Karlsruhe,announced last week that it may soon be reality. He and his team have invented software and hardware that could make it far easier for people who speak different languages to understand each other.
One application, called Lecture Translation, can easily translate a speech from one language into another. Current translation technologies typically limit speakers to certain topics or a limited vocabulary. Users also have to be trained how to use the programme.
Another prototype(雏形机) can send translations of a speech to different listeners depending on what language they speak.“It is like having a simultaneous translator right next to you but without disturbing the person next to you,” Waibel said.
Prefer to read? So-called Translation Glasses transcribe(转录) the translations on a tiny liquid-crystal(液晶) display(LCD) screen.
Then there"s the Muscle Translator. Electrodes capture the electrical signals from facial muscle movements made naturally when a person is mouthing words. The signals are then translated into speech. The electrodes could be replaced with wireless chips implanted in a person"s face, according to researchers.
During a demonstration held last Thursday in CMU"s Pittsburgh campus, a Chinese student named Stan Jou had 11 tiny electrodes attached to the muscles of his cheeks, neck and throat. Then he mouthed—without speaking aloud—a few words in Mandarin(普通话) to the audience. A few seconds later, the phrase was displayed on a computer screen and spoken out by the computer in English and Spanish: “Let me introduce our new prototype.”
This particular gadget(器械),when fully developed, might allow anyone to speak in any number of languages or, as Waibel put it, “to switch your mouth to a foreign language”. “The idea behind the university"s prototypes is to create ‘good enough’ bridges for cross-cultural exchanges that are becoming more common in the world,” Waibel said.
With spontaneous(自发的) translators, foreign drivers in Germany could listen to traffic warnings on the radio, tourists in China could read all the signs and talk with local people, and leaders of different countries could have secret talks without any interpreters there.
小题1:Which of the following statements is not TRUE?| A．A lecture translation can translate what you said into other languages easily. | | B．There is no Muscle Translator in the world now. | | C．Muscle Translators can translate what you think into speech if you just move your mouth. | | D．The spontaneous translators will help us a lot. |
小题2:What kind of equipment is NOT mentioned in this passage?| A．Lecture Translation. | | B．Muscle Translator. | | C．Multiple Translator. | | D．Translation Prototype. |
小题3: What"s the final destination of inventing the language translators?| A．To make cultural exchanges between different countries easier. | | B．To help students learn foreign languages more easily. | | C．To make people live in foreign countries more comfortably. | | D．To help people learn more foreign languages in the future. |
小题4:Where can this passage probably excerpted from?| A．A newspaper. | B．A magazine on science. | | C．A fairy tale. | D．A scientific fantasy book. |
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It"s interesting that the arrival of snow has effect on people in different countries. For some countries it is an important happening to celebrate each year, while for others a catastrophe(灾害) or even a wonder.
But there are countries between these two kinds that normally expect snow some time over-the winter months, but never receive snow regularly or in the same quantities every year. Britain is one of them, for which the arrival of snow quite simply causes problems. Within hours of the first snowfalls, however light, roads are blocked; trains and buses have to stop in the middle of the way. Normal communication is affected as well: telephone calls become difficult and the post immediately takes more time than usual. And almost within hours, there are also certain shortages—bread, vegetables and other things—not because all these things can no longer be produced or sent to shops, but mainly because people are frightened and go out and store up with food and so on just for fear that something bad should happen.
But why does snow have this effect? After all, the Swiss, the Austrians and the Canadians don"t have such problems. It is simple because there is not enough planning and preparation. We need money to buy equipment to deal with snow and ice. To keep the roads clear, for example, requires snow-ploughs(扫雪机) and machines to spread salt. The reason why a country like Britain does not buy snow-ploughs is that they are used for a few days in any one year, and the money could be more useful in other things such as hospital, education, helping the old.
小题1:According to the writer, Britain is a country _______.| A．which has regular snow | B．which is not well prepared for snow | | C．for which snow is a catastrophe | D．for which snow is a wonder |
小题2:After a few hours" snowing there are often some shortages of food because _______.| A．shops have closed down | B．people buy as much as they can | | C．farmers cannot produce any more | D．people eat more vegetables in winter |
小题3:The words “two kinds” in the passage mean the countries _______.| A．which have weather as yearly happening to celebrate or as rare (少见) weather | | B．which either have heavy snow or light snow | | C．to which snow either causes problems or no problems | | D．which either have snow-ploughs or no snow-ploughs |
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