For some time past,it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—l
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For some time past,it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards(报酬)”,and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological(生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and to teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other.Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response(回答) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children"s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” some lights—and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about(产生) this result,for example,two left or two right,or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek"s light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely although they would “smile and speak” when the light was on.Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them.It was the success they were achieving in solving the problem,in mastering the skill,and then there is a basic human nature to make sense of the world and bring it under control.
小题1:According to the writer,babies learn to do things which _______.| A．will satisfy their surprise | B．will meet their physical needs | | C．are directly connected to pleasure | D．will bring them a feeling of success |
小题2:Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _______.| A．would make learned responses when it saw the milk | | B．would continue the simple movements without being given milk | | C．would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink | | D．would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink |
小题3:In Papousek"s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _______.| A．be praised | B．please their parents | | C．be rewarded with milk | D．have the lights turned on |
小题4:The babies would “smile and speak” at the lights because _______.| A．they succeeded in “turning on” the lights | | B．the sight of lights was interesting | | C．they need not turn back to watch the lights | | D．the lights were directly connected to some basic “drives” |
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答案
小题1:D
小题2:B
小题3:D
小题4:A |
解析
小题1:细节题。见第一段。
小题2:细节题。见文章第三段。
小题3:细节题。见文章第三段。
小题4:见第三段第六行。 |
举一反三
In a few years, you might be able to speak Chinese, Korean, Japanese, French,and English—and all at the same time. This sounds incredible, but Alex Waibel,a computer science professor at US"s Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and Germany"s University of Karlsruhe,announced last week that it may soon be reality. He and his team have invented software and hardware that could make it far easier for people who speak different languages to understand each other.
One application, called Lecture Translation, can easily translate a speech from one language into another. Current translation technologies typically limit speakers to certain topics or a limited vocabulary. Users also have to be trained how to use the programme.
Another prototype(雏形机) can send translations of a speech to different listeners depending on what language they speak.“It is like having a simultaneous translator right next to you but without disturbing the person next to you,” Waibel said.
Prefer to read? So-called Translation Glasses transcribe(转录) the translations on a tiny liquid-crystal(液晶) display(LCD) screen.
Then there"s the Muscle Translator. Electrodes capture the electrical signals from facial muscle movements made naturally when a person is mouthing words. The signals are then translated into speech. The electrodes could be replaced with wireless chips implanted in a person"s face, according to researchers.
During a demonstration held last Thursday in CMU"s Pittsburgh campus, a Chinese student named Stan Jou had 11 tiny electrodes attached to the muscles of his cheeks, neck and throat. Then he mouthed—without speaking aloud—a few words in Mandarin(普通话) to the audience. A few seconds later, the phrase was displayed on a computer screen and spoken out by the computer in English and Spanish: “Let me introduce our new prototype.”
This particular gadget(器械),when fully developed, might allow anyone to speak in any number of languages or, as Waibel put it, “to switch your mouth to a foreign language”. “The idea behind the university"s prototypes is to create ‘good enough’ bridges for cross-cultural exchanges that are becoming more common in the world,” Waibel said.
With spontaneous(自发的) translators, foreign drivers in Germany could listen to traffic warnings on the radio, tourists in China could read all the signs and talk with local people, and leaders of different countries could have secret talks without any interpreters there.
小题1:Which of the following statements is not TRUE?| A．A lecture translation can translate what you said into other languages easily. | | B．There is no Muscle Translator in the world now. | | C．Muscle Translators can translate what you think into speech if you just move your mouth. | | D．The spontaneous translators will help us a lot. |
小题2:What kind of equipment is NOT mentioned in this passage?| A．Lecture Translation. | | B．Muscle Translator. | | C．Multiple Translator. | | D．Translation Prototype. |
小题3: What"s the final destination of inventing the language translators?| A．To make cultural exchanges between different countries easier. | | B．To help students learn foreign languages more easily. | | C．To make people live in foreign countries more comfortably. | | D．To help people learn more foreign languages in the future. |
小题4:Where can this passage probably excerpted from?| A．A newspaper. | B．A magazine on science. | | C．A fairy tale. | D．A scientific fantasy book. |
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It"s interesting that the arrival of snow has effect on people in different countries. For some countries it is an important happening to celebrate each year, while for others a catastrophe(灾害) or even a wonder.
But there are countries between these two kinds that normally expect snow some time over-the winter months, but never receive snow regularly or in the same quantities every year. Britain is one of them, for which the arrival of snow quite simply causes problems. Within hours of the first snowfalls, however light, roads are blocked; trains and buses have to stop in the middle of the way. Normal communication is affected as well: telephone calls become difficult and the post immediately takes more time than usual. And almost within hours, there are also certain shortages—bread, vegetables and other things—not because all these things can no longer be produced or sent to shops, but mainly because people are frightened and go out and store up with food and so on just for fear that something bad should happen.
But why does snow have this effect? After all, the Swiss, the Austrians and the Canadians don"t have such problems. It is simple because there is not enough planning and preparation. We need money to buy equipment to deal with snow and ice. To keep the roads clear, for example, requires snow-ploughs(扫雪机) and machines to spread salt. The reason why a country like Britain does not buy snow-ploughs is that they are used for a few days in any one year, and the money could be more useful in other things such as hospital, education, helping the old.
小题1:According to the writer, Britain is a country _______.| A．which has regular snow | B．which is not well prepared for snow | | C．for which snow is a catastrophe | D．for which snow is a wonder |
小题2:After a few hours" snowing there are often some shortages of food because _______.| A．shops have closed down | B．people buy as much as they can | | C．farmers cannot produce any more | D．people eat more vegetables in winter |
小题3:The words “two kinds” in the passage mean the countries _______.| A．which have weather as yearly happening to celebrate or as rare (少见) weather | | B．which either have heavy snow or light snow | | C．to which snow either causes problems or no problems | | D．which either have snow-ploughs or no snow-ploughs |
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Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as much as 3,000 million years. When we think of the first thing on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but in fact no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the first land animals with the surrounding and food necessity, since they, the plants, are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy.
The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae（海藻）which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce. Once the move to land had been made, however, evolution（进化）took place quickly. By the end of 100 million years, plants had developed their roots（根）,and some had got tree -like forms since height was very important in gaining sunlight. About 300 million years ago, much of the world was covered with forests of huge trees. In most ways they were like modern trees. They had roots, leaves, wood, but mostly they had not developed seeds.
小题1:The main idea of the first paragraph is ________.| A．life on land probably began 430 years ago | | B．the first animal on land came from oceans | | C．there wouldn"t be animals without plants | | D．plants are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy |
小题2:Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?| A．Algae has existed for more than 430 million years. | | B．It is impossible that algae might be the earliest plant on land. | | C．Plants get food from animals in the oceans. | | D．Evolution began after animals appeared on land. |
小题3:Plants with roots appeared about ________ million years ago. 小题4:According to the passage, ________ appeared earlier than ________.| A．apples; oranges | B．oranges; apples | | C．oranges; roses | D．algae; wheat |
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The purpose of a letter of application is to help you to “sell” yourself. It should state 36 the job you want, and should tell what your abilities are and what you have 37 . It should be simple, human, personal and brief without 38 out any necessary fact.
In writing a letter of application, keep in 39 that the things a possible employer is most
40 to want to know about are your qualifications（条件）, your achievements and your aims.The opening paragraph is perhaps the most important part. 41 the first few sentences fail to 42 the reader’s attention, the rest of the letter may not be 43 at all. Try to key your opening remarks to the needs or interests of the employer not 44 your own need or desires. For example, instead of beginning with “I saw your 45 in today"s paper. ”you might say“I have made a careful 46 of your advertising during the past six months” or “I have made a survey in my neighbourhood to find out how many housewives 47 your product and why they like it.”
Try to 48 generalities. Be clear about the kind of job for which you are now 49 . College graduates looking for their first positions often ask“ What can I 50 in a letter? Employers want experience, which, naturally, no 51 has. ”The answer is that everything you have ever done is 52 .
It is important to write a good strong closing for your letter. 53 a specific request for an interview or give the possible employer something definite to do or expect. An excellent 54 is to enclose（内附）a stamped, self - addressed envelope with your letter. That makes it 55 for a possible employer to get in touch with you.
36．A. clearly B. carefully C. obviously D. easily
37．A. found B. done C. known D. heard
38．A. sending B. taking C. leaving D. picking
39．A. brain B. sight C. order D. mind
40．A. probable B. possible C. likely D. able
41．A. While B. Although C. As D. If
42．A. pay B. win C. show D. fix
43．A. kept B. continued C. written D. read
44．A. to B. for C. into D. from
45．A. advertisement B. report
C. article D. introduciton
46．A. watch B. search C. study D. discussion
47．A. change B. make C. sell D. use．
48．A. avoid B. remember C. protect D. gain
49．A. losing B. applying C. preparing D. fitting
50．A. offer B. supply C. mean D. provide
51．A. worker B. beginner C. owner D. manager
52．A. success B. development C. practice D. experience
53．A. Make B. Ask C. State D. Get
54．A. result B. decision C. promise D. idea
55．A. happier B. easier C. cheaper D. safer |
Plants are very important living things. Life could not go on if there were no plants. This is because plants can make food from air， water and sunlight. Animals and man cannot make food from air， water and sunlight. Animals get their food by eating plants and other animals. Therefore animals and man need plants in order to live. This is why we find that there are so many plants around us.
If you look carefully at the plants around you， you will find that there are two kinds of plants： flowering plants and non-flowering plants. Flowering plants can make seeds. The seeds are protected by the fruits. Some fruits have one seed， some have two， three or four， and some have many seeds. But a few fruits have no seeds at all. An example of a fruit without seeds is the banana fruit. Most non-flowering plants do not grow from seeds. They grow from spores（胚芽）。 Spores are very small. Some spores are so small and light that they can float in the air. We may say that spores are quite the same as seeds. When these spores are all on wet and shady places， they usually grow into new plants.
62.小题1:The main idea of the first paragraph is that ______.| A．plants are important for life | B．plants cannot grow without air | | C．there are many plants in the world | D．we can not live without water |
63.小题2:What can we infer（推断） from the passage ？| A．Of all living things animals are most. | B．Spores are seeds. | | C．All fruits of flowering plants have seeds. | D．Without plants，man will die out. |
64.小题3:What is the meaning of the underlined word?| A．Kept. | B．Guarded. | C．Prevented. | D．Surrounded |
65.小题4:This passage may be taken from______.| A．a medicine book | B．a novel | | C．a science magazine | D．an experiment report |
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