A. sick
B. upset
C. sleepy
D. hungry
A. basic
B. reliable
C. surprising
D. interesting
People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial
expressions-and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.
Rachael Jack,University of Glasgow researcher,said that rather than scanning evenly (均匀的)
across a face asWestemers do,Eastemers fix their attention on the eyes.
"We show that Eastemers and Westemers look at different face features to read facial expressions,
" Jack said." Westemers look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure.whereas Easterners favor the
eyes and neglect(忽略) the mouth. "
According to Jack and her colleagues,the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is
more complex than previously believed. As a result,facial expressions that had been considered
universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.
The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the
eye movements of 13 Westem Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of
expressive faces and put them into categories: happy,sad,surprised,fearful,disgusted,angry,or neutral.
They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye
movement strategies.
It turned out that Eastemers focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more
errors than Westerners did. "The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a
reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions,"Jack said." Our data suggest that whereas
Westemers use the whole face to convey emotion, Eastemers use the eyes more and mouth less."
In short,the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From
here on,examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Eastemers and Westemers will find themselves lost in trans- lation.
A. Be well-organised.
B. Close with a Q & A.
C. Don"t be contradictory.
D. Bring it to a specific end
E. Speak slowly and pause.
F. Drop unnecessary words
Speaking to a group can be difficult, but listening to a bad speech is truly a tiresome task-especially
when the speaker is confusing. Don"t want to confuse your audience? Follow these suggestions:
1.
When it comes to understanding new information, the human brain needs a little time. First, we hear the words; then, we compare the new information to what we already know. If the two are different, we need to pause and think. But abreathless speaker never stops to let us think about what he or she is saying and
risks confusing us. Slow it
2.
Sometimes we all start a sentence one way and then switch directions, which is very difficult to follow. When you the audience confuse your listeners with opposing information, you leave the audience
wondering what part of the information is right and what part they should remember. Instead of relying and keeping correcting yourself, work to get the facts clear and straight.
3.
Jumpng from point to point as it comes to your mind puts the onus (责任)on your listeners to make up
for your lack of organisation. And it"s confusing for them to listen, reorganise, and figure out what you"re
saying all at once. But going smoothly from one point to the next helps them understand information more
easily. You can arrange things from beginning to end, small to large, top to bottom or by some other order. Just be sure to organise.
4.
Repeated use of um, ah, like, you know and some other useless noises can drive an audience crazy. It makes the speaker sound uncertain and unprepared, and it can leave listeners so annoyed that they can"t
pay attention. Recently I attended a speech that was marked by so many ums that audience members were rolling their eyes. Was anybody grasping the intended message? Um, probably not.
5.
Many speakers finish up their speeches with question-and-answer (Q & A) sessions, but some let the Q & A go on without a clear end. The audience is often left confused about whether the meeting is over
and when they can get up and leave. Do your listeners a favour by setting a time limit on questions, and
close your speech with a specific signal-even if it"s something simple like, "If you have any more questions, you know where to reach me."
Or even more to the point, conclude your speech with "Thanks for your time. "
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