Virginia is set to begin enforcing the toughest drunken-driving punishment, one
题型：不详难度：来源：
Virginia is set to begin enforcing the toughest drunken-driving punishment, one that will require thousands of first-time offenders—whether they were highly drunk or slightly over the limit – to install (安装) in their cars blood-alcohol testing devices that can lock the ignition. The devices work like this－A driver must blow into a blood alcohol device linked to the car’s ignition. If the result is higher than the legal limit, the car will not start. The device also requires random “rolling retests” once the driver is on the road.
Virginia’s current law requires only repeat drunken-driving offenders or those with a blood alcohol level of 0.15 or higher to have an ignition interlock device in their car.
The new law, which takes effect in July, will roughly increase the number of people required to use ignition interlock devices four times, and offenders will have to pay about $ 480 for a typical six-month installation.
The measure has caused a debate between groups battling drunken driving and those representing offenders. Such groups as Mothers Against Drunk Driving and the Washington Regional Alcohol Program say that Virginia’s 274 alcohol-related road deaths and more than 5,500 injuries in 2010 remained unacceptably high despite years of cracking down on drunken driving. Ignition interlock devices, they say, reduce repeat offenses. But some public defenders and lawyers argue that the devices are too severe a punishment for offenders at the legal blood alcohol limit of 0.08, and that the court system will be burdened by more cases going to trial and lower-income drivers will be affected by the fees.
Del. Sal R. laquinto, who sponsored the bill, had a simple reply for concerns about the costs of the interlock devices: “How much does a life cost?” “Blowing into a tube for six months, you will remember that, ” Iaquinto said, “ and you are not likely to offend again. ”
小题1:The ignition probably refers to the part in a car where ______.| A．the alarm goes off | B．the car is fueled | | C．the key is placed | D．the engine starts |
小题2:Who are required to install the blood-alcohol devices according to the current law?| A．The repeat drunken-driving offenders. | | B．The first time drunken-driving offenders. | | C．Drivers whose blood alcohol level is below 0.15. | | D．The drivers who are not able to pay offence fees. |
小题3:Some groups support the new law because ______.| A．the government can be financed to build roads | | B．some traffic deaths and injuries may be avoided | | C．lower-income drivers will not afford to drink again | | D．the court system is forced to work more effectively |
小题4:The debate aroused by the measure suggests that ______.| A．justice has long arms | | B．punishment is the key to all | | C．no law is absolutely perfect | | D．prevention is better than cure |
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答案
小题1:D
小题2:A
小题3:B
小题4:C |
解析
试题分析：本文围绕一些是否应该在车上安装酒精检测设备进行讨论，一些人支持，也有一些人反对。
小题1:细节推断题。从文章A driver must blow into a blood alcohol device linked to the car’s ignition. If the result is higher than the legal limit, the car will not start. 可知ignition 应该是是汽车发动的装置，故选D
小题2:细节题。从文章Virginia’s current law requires only repeat drunken-driving offenders or those with a blood alcohol level of 0.15 or higher to have an ignition interlock device in their car. 故选A
小题3:细节题。从文章Ignition interlock devices, they say, reduce repeat offenses. 可知，这些人支持这个装置是因为他们能够避免一些交通死亡和受伤的事例，故选B
小题4:推断题。从文章倒数第二自然段and that the court system will be burdened by more cases going to trial and lower-income drivers will be affected by the fees. 可知，对于这个政策的出台，有支持的也有反对的，所以可知，任何法律都有两面性，都不是完美的，故选C
点评：本文不难，文章结构简洁，题目设置很清晰。解答此类说明文的题目，要注意答题的方法。为了在有限的时间的快速作答，可以先看题目，按照题目所问的问题在文章中的找到对应的段落，或总起句，在这些地方去找答案，作答难度并不大。 |
举一反三
We do not know when man first began to use salt, but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout history. Historical evidence shows, for example, that people who lived over 3,000 years ago ate salted fish. Thousands of years ago in Egypt, salt was used to preserve (保存) the dead.
Stealing salt was considered a major crime (罪行) during some periods of history. In the eighteenth century, for example, if a person was caught stealing salt, he could be put in prison and his ears could be cut off.
In the Roman Empire, one of the most important roads was the one that carried salt from the salt mines to Rome. Guards were stationed along the route to protect against salt thieves, and they received their pay in salt, thus bringing the English word, salary. Any guard who fell asleep while on duty was thought to be “not worth his salt”, and as a result he would get a little less salt on his next payday. The expression, “not worth his salt”, is still used today in English.
In the modern world salt has many uses beyond the dining table. It is used in making glass and airplane parts, in the growing of crops, and in the killing of weeds (杂草). It is also used to make water soft, to melt (融化) ice on roads and highways, to make soap, and to fix colors in cloth.
Salt can be got in various ways besides being taken from mines underground. Salt water from the ocean, salt water lakes or small seas can be used to make salt. Yet, no matter where it comes from, salt will continue to play an important role in the lives of people everywhere.
小题1:According to the text, salt can be used in the following EXCEPT _____. | A．keeping dead bodies | | B．punishing thieves | | C．protecting crops | | D．making industrial products |
小题2:In the Roman Empire many people were employed as guards to _____. | A．protect the city of Rome | | B．watch people carrying salt | | C．prevent thieves from stealing salt | | D．carry salt from the mines to Rome |
小题3:The expression “not worth his salt” used today refers to the one who _____. | A．fails to do his work well | | B．should not be paid in salt | | C．doesn’t want to work at all | | D．should use less salt |
小题4:The main purpose of the text is to tell readers _____. | A．how salt was found and got | | B．salt is important in people’s life | | C．salt was difficult to get in the past | | D．what salt brings to the English language |
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One thing the tour books don’t tell you about London is that 2,000 of its residents are foxes. As native as the royal family, they fled the city about centuries ago after developers and pollution moved in. But now that the environment is cleaner, the foxes have come home, one of the many wild animals that have moved into urban areas around the world.
Several changes have brought wild animals to the cities. Foremost is that air and water quality in many cities has improved as a result of the 1970s pollution-control efforts. Meanwhile, rural areas have been built up, leaving many animals on the edges of suburbs. In addition, urban wildlife refuges (避难处) have been created. The Greater London Council last year spent $750, 000 to buy land and build 10 permanent wildlife refuges in the city. Over 1,000 volunteers have donated money and cleared rubble from abandoned spots. One evening last year a fox was seen on Westminster Bridge looking up at Big Ben.
For peregrine falcons (游隼), cities are actually safer than rural cliff dwellings (悬崖栖息地). By 1970 the birds had died out east of the Mississippi because the DDT had made their eggs too thin to support life. That year, scientist Tom Cade of Cornell University began raising the birds for release in cities, for cities afforded abundant food.
Cities can attract wild animals without turning them harmful. The trick is to create habitats where they can be self-sufficient but still be seen and appreciated. Such habitats can even be functional. In San Francisco, the local government is testing different kinds of rainwater control basins to see not only which ones retain (保持) the cleanest water but which will attract the most birds.
小题1:The first paragraph suggests that ________.| A．environment is the key to wildlife | | B．tour books are not always a reliable source of information | | C．London is a city of fox | | D．foxes are highly adaptable to environment |
小题2:Which of the following is NOT a reason that wildlife is returning to the cities?| A．Food is plentiful in the cities. | | B．Wildlife is appreciated in the cities. | | C．Wildlife refuges have been built in the cities. | | D．Air and water quality has improved in the cities. |
小题3:It can be inferred from the passage that ________.| A．Londoners are putting more and more wild animals into their zoos | | B．Londoners are happy to see wild animals return to their city | | C．Londoners are trying to move wild animals back to the countryside | | D．Londoners have welcomed the wild birds, but found foxes a problem |
小题4:What is the passage mainly about?| A．Wildlife returning to large cities. | | B．Foxes returning to London. | | C．Wild animals living in zoos. | | D．A survey of wildlife in New York. |
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You are watching a film in which two men are having a fight. They hit one another hard. At the start they only fight with their fists（拳头）.But soon they begin hitting one another over the heads with chairs. And so it goes on until one of the men crashes through a window and falls thirty feet to the ground below. He is dead!
Of course he isn’t really dead. With any luck he isn’t even hurt. Why ? Because the men who fall out of high windows or jump from fast moving trains, who crash cars of even catching fire, are professionals（职业）.They do this for a living. These men are called stuntmen. That is to say, they perform tricks（骗局）.
There are two sides to their work. They actually do most of the things you see on the screen. For example, they fall from a high building. However, they do not fall on to hard ground but on to empty cardboard boxes covered with a mattress（床垫）. Again, when they hit one another with chairs, the chairs are made of soft wood and when they crash through windows, the glass is made of sugar!
But although their work depend on trick of this sort, it also requires a high degree of skill and training. Often a stuntman’s success depends on careful timing（计时）.For example, when he is “blown up” in a battle scene, he has to jump out of the way of the explosion（爆炸）just at the right moment.
Naturally stuntmen are well paid for their work, but they lead dangerous lives. They often get seriously injured, and sometimes killed. A Norwegian stuntman, for example, skied over the edge of a cliff a thousand feet high. His parachute（降落伞）failed to open, and he was killed.
In spite of（尽管）all the risks, this is no longer a profession for men only. Men no longer dress up as women when actresses have to perform some dangerous action. For nowadays there are stuntgirls too!
小题1:Stuntmen are those who____________| A．Often dress up as actors | | B．prefer to lead dangerous lives | | C．often perform seemingly dangerous actions | | D．often fight each other for their lives |
小题2:Stuntmen earn their living by___________| A．playing their dirty tricks | | B．selling their special skills | | C．jumping out of high windows | | D．jumping from fast moving trains |
小题3:When a stuntman falls from a high building,___________| A．he needs little protection | | B．he will be covered with a mattress | | C．his life is endangered | | D．his safety is generally all right |
小题4:Which of the following is the main factor(因素) of a successful performance?| A．Strength | B．Exactness | C．Speed | D．Carefulness |
小题5:What can be inferred from the author’s example of the Norwegian stuntman?| A．Sometimes an accident can occur to a stuntman. | | B．The percentage of serious accidents is high. | | C．Parachutes must be of good quality. | | D．The cliff is too high. |
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Fifty-two years ago in the USA, a little black girl named Ruby Bridges arrived at her new primary school. The school was in New Orleans, Louisiana.
As she walked toward the school’s front door, an angry crowd of people shouted at her. United States marshals walked with her. A marshal is a police officer. They were there to protect the first grader. That’s because the people didn’t want Ruby to go inside the school. But the 6-year-old walked into the school anyway. As she did, she marched into history books.
The day was Nov. 14, 1960. On that morning, little Ruby became one of the first African Americans to attend an all-white primary school in the South.
Before then, the law in many states said that black children could not attend the same schools as white children. People of different races also had to use separate public restrooms. It was called segregation. That is when people of different races are kept separate.
U.S. leaders worked to end segregation. They helped bring civil rights to all Americans. Those are the rights mean that all people should be treated equally. A few months before Ruby started school, a federal court (联邦法庭) had just ordered an end to school segregation in New Orleans.
By the time Ruby started the second grade, there were no more angry people outside her school. There were other African American students in her class. Today, children of all races go to school together.
Bridges said she was never scared to go to school during the first grade. She wasn’t really afraid and she didn’t really know what was going on at the time.
小题1:Why was Ruby Bridges famous in the American history? | A．She served on the U.S. federal court. | | B．She got along well with the U.S. marshals. | | C．She helped end school segregation in New Orleans. | | D．She brought all rights to the Americans with U.S. leaders. |
小题2:Which of the following is about “segregation” (in Paragraph 4)? | A．White and black children couldn’t study in the same school. | | B．All people should have the right to be treated equally. | | C．Different races can use the same public convenience. | | D．Students of all races should be able to attend school together. |
小题3:What do you think of the U.S. leaders’ work to end segregation? | A．Disappointing. | B．Acceptable. | | C．Successful. | D．Confusing. |
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Surgical teams accidentally leave clamps, sponges and other tools inside about 1,500 patients nationwide each year.
The mistakes largely result not from surgeon tiredness, but from the stress arising from emergencies or complications(并发症) discovered on the operating table, the researchers reported.
The study found that emergency operations are nine times more likely to lead to such mistakes, and operating–room complications requiring a change in procedure are four times more likely.
It also happens more often to fat patients, simply because there is more room inside them to lose equipment, according to the study.
Two–thirds of the mistakes happened even though the equipment was counted before and after the procedure, in keeping with the standard practice.
Most lost objects were sponges, but also included were metal clamps and electrodes(电极). In two cases, 11–inch retractors (牵引器) metal strips were forgotten inside patients. In another operation, four sponges were left inside someone. When there is significant bleeding and a sponge is placed in a patient, it can sometimes look indistinguishable from the tissue around it.
The lost objects usually lay around the abdomen (腹腔) or hips but sometimes in the chest. They often caused tears or infections. Most patients needed additional surgery to remove the object. In other cases, patients even sensed nothing about the object, and it turned up in later surgery for other problems.
To prevent such mistakes from happening, Loyola University Medical Center is becoming one of the first hospitals in the country to use sponges outfitted with bar codes. The new system was brought to Loyola through the efforts of the hospital’s operating room nurses.
Another effective way is to X–ray patients after surgery to reduce the likelihood of objects being left inside patients.
小题1:In which of the following situations are objects most likely to be left inside a patient?| A．The nurses are counting the equipment and the patient is being X–rayed. | | B．The surgeons are doing the last operation of the day, and everyone is exhausted. | | C．unexpected happens and some changes must be made in the procedure. | | D．A complex operation is going on according to the plan made by many experts. |
小题2:Which of the following statements is NOT true?| A．Such mistakes happen more often to fat patients. | | B．1,500 patients suffer from the mistake all over the world every year. | | C．X–ray examination can help to find the lost objects. | | D．The mistake largely results from stress rather than tiredness. |
小题3:What can we infer from the passage?| A．Surgical teams aren’t to blame for the mistakes. | | B．Some people never know there is something left inside their body. | | C．Most mistakes happen because equipment isn’t counted after the procedure. | | D．Only some small objects may be left inside the patients. |
小题4:What is the best title for the passage?| A．Never Trust Anyone | B．A Mistake in the Operating Room | | C．Carelessness and Mistakes | D．Tips for Patient Safety |
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