(2013·高考辽宁卷,D)“Indeed,”George Washington wrote in his diary in 1785,“some kind o

(2013·高考辽宁卷,D)“Indeed,”George Washington wrote in his diary in 1785,“some kind o

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(2013·高考辽宁卷,D)“Indeed,”George Washington wrote in his diary in 1785,“some kind of fly,or bug,had begun to eat the leaves before I left home.”But the father of America was not the father of bug.When Washington wrote that,Englishmen had been referring to insects as bugs for more than a century,and Americans had already created lightning­bug(萤火虫).But the English were soon to stop using the bugs in their language,leaving it to the Americans to call a bug a bug in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The American bug could also be a person,referring to someone who was crazy about a particular activity.Although fan became the usual term,sports fans used to be called racing bugs,baseball bugs,and the like.
Or the bug could be a small machine or object,for example,a bug­shaped car.The bug could also be a burglar alarm,from which comes the expression to bug,that is,“to install (安装) an alarm”.Now it means a small piece of equipment that people use for listening secretly to others’ conversations.Since the 1840s,to bug has long meant“to cheat”,and since the 1940s it has been annoying.
We also know the bug as a flaw in a computer program or other design.That meaning dates back to the time of Thomas Edison.In 1878 he explained bugs as“little problems and difficulties”that required months of study and labor to overcome in developing a successful product.In 1889 it was recorded that Edison“had been up the two previous nights discovering ‘a bug’ in his invented record player.”
小题1:We learn from Paragraph 1 that ________.
A.Americans had difficulty in learning to use the word bug
B.George Washington was the first person to call an insect a bug
C.the word bug was still popularly used in England in the nineteenth century
D.both Englishmen and Americans used the word bug in the eighteenth century
小题2:What does the word“flaw”in the last paragraph probably mean?
A.Explanation. B.Finding.
C.Origin.D.Fault.
小题3:The passage is mainly concerned with________.
A.the misunderstanding of the word bug
B.the development of the word bug
C.the public views of the word bug
D.the special characteristics of the word bug

答案

小题1:D
小题2:D
小题3:B
解析
本文为一篇说明文。主要介绍了bug一词的不同含义及发展过程。它可以指一个对某种活动着迷的人,也可以指一种小型机器或物体,还可以指防盗设备以及窃听设备。如今,它可以指代电脑程序或其他设计中出现的缺陷,而在爱迪生时代,它指代发明中遇到的一些困难、问题。
小题1:解析:选D。推理判断题。华盛顿使用该词是在18世纪,而这时英国人已经使用该词一个多世纪了,由此可知,18世纪时,两个国家都在使用这个词,故D项正确。文章并未提到美国人在学习使用bug方面存在困难,排除A项;英国人在华盛顿使用该词之前已经用过这个词了,根据第一段中的“But the father of America was not the father of bug.”排除B项;根据第一段最后一句可排除C项。
小题2:解析:选D。词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“little problems and difficulties”可以判断出,bug如今指代电脑程序或者其他设计中需要克服的缺陷、瑕疵,故D项正确。A项意为“解释”;B项意为“发现”;C项意为“来源”;D项意为“故障;缺陷”。
小题3:解析:选B。主旨大意题。总结全文可知,文章主要围绕bug一词的发展过程以及不同含义来展开,故B项符合文章主旨。A项意为“对bug一词的误解”;C项意为“大众对bug一词的看法”;D项意为“bug一词的特殊之处”,均不能概括出全文内容。
举一反三
(2013·高考安徽卷)If you want to learn a new language,the very first thing to think about is why.Do you need it for a____ reason,such as your job or your studies?____ perhaps you’re interested in the ____,films or music of a different country and you know how much it will help to have a ____ of the language.
Most people learn best using a variety of ____,but traditional classes are an ideal(理想的)start for many people.They ____ an environment where you can practice under the ___ of someone who’s good at the language.We all lead ____ lives and learning a language takes ____.You will have more success if you study regularly,so try to develop a ___.It doesn’t matter if you haven’t got long.Becoming fluent in a language will take years,but learning to get by takes____.
Many people start learning a language and soon give up.“I’m too____,”they say.Yes,children do learn languages more ____ than adults,but research has shown that you can learn a language at any ____.And learning is good for the health of your brain,too.I’ve also heard people ___ about the mistakes they make when ____.Well,relax and laugh about your mistakes ____ you’re much less likely to make them again.
Learning a new language is never ____.But with some work and devotion,you’ll make progress.And you’ll be ____ by the positive reaction of some people when you say just a few words in ____ own language.Good luck!
小题1:
A.technicalB.political
C.practicalD.physical
小题2:
A.AfterB.So
C.ThoughD.Or
小题3:A literature      B.transport
C.agriculture     D.medicine
小题4:A view    B.knowledge
C.form       D.database
小题5:A paintings  B.regulations
C.methods    D.computers
小题6:
A.protectB.change
C.respectD.provide
小题7:
A.controlB.command
C.guidanceD.pressure
小题8:
A.busyB.happy
C.simpleD.normal
小题9:
A.courageB.time
C.energyD.place
小题10:
A.theoryB.business
C.routineD.project
小题11:
A.some risksB.a lot less
C.some notesD.a lot more
小题12:
A.oldB.nervous
C.weakD.tired
小题13:
A.closelyB.quickly
C.privatelyD.quietly
小题14:
A.ageB.speed
C.distanceD.school
小题15:
A.worryB.hesitate
C.thinkD.quarrel
小题16:
A.singingB.working
C.bargainingD.learning
小题17:
A.ifB.and
C.butD.before
小题18:
A.tiresomeB.hard
C.interestingD.easy
小题19:
A.blamedB.amazed
C.interruptedD.informed
小题20:A.their      B.his
C.our    D,your
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Planning a visit to the UK? Here we help with ways to cut your costs.
AVOID BIG EVENTS Big sporting events,concerts and exhibitions can increase the cost of accommodation and make it harder to find a room.A standard double room at the Thistle Brighton on the final Friday of the Brighton Comedy Festival (19 Oct.) cost£169.15 at Booking.com.A week later,the same room cost£118.15.
If you can be flexible and want to know dates to avoid-or you’re looking for a big event to pass your time-check out sites such as Whatsonwhen.com,which allow you to search for events in the UK by city,date and category.
STAY AWAY FROM THE STATION If traveling to your destination by train,you may want to find a good base close to the station,but you could end up paying more for the sake of convenience at the start of your holiday.
Don’t be too choosy about the part of town you stay in.Booking two months in advance,the cheapest room at Travelodge’s Central Euston hotel in London for Saturday 22 September was£95.95.A room just a tube journey away at its Covent Garden hotel was£75.75.And at Farringdon,a double room cost just£62.95.
LOOK AFTER YOURSELF Really central hotels in cities such as London,Edinburgh and Cardiff can cost a fortune,especially at weekends and during big events.As an alternative consider checking into a self­catering flat with its own kitchen.Often these flats are hidden away on the top floors of city centre buildings.A great example is the historic O’Neill Flat on Edinburgh’s Royal Mile,available for£420 for five days in late September,with room for four adults.
GET ON A BIKE London’s ‘Boris bikes’ have attracted the most attention,but other cities also have similar programmes that let you rent a bicycle and explore at your own pace,saving you on public transport or car parking costs.
Among the smaller cities with their own programmes are Newcastle (casual members pay around£1.50 for two hours) and Cardiff (free for up to 30 minutes,or£5 per day).
小题1:The Brighton Comedy Festival is mentioned mainly to show big events may________.
A.help travelers pass time
B.attract lots of travelers to the UK
C.allow travelers to make flexible plans
D.cause travelers to pay more for accommodation
小题2:“Farringdon”in Paragraph 5 is most probably________.
A.a hotel away from the train station
B.the tube line to Covent Garden
C.an ideal holiday destination
D.the name of a travel agency
小题3:The passage shows that the O’Neill Flat________.
A.lies on the ground floor
B.is located in central London
C.provides cooking facilities for tourists
D.costs over£100 on average per day in late September
小题4:Cardiff’s program allows a free bike for a maximum period of________.
A.half an hour
B.one hour
C.one hour and a half
D.two hours
小题5:The main purpose of the passage is________.
A.to tell visitors how to book in advance
B.to supply visitors with hotel information
C.to show visitors the importance of self­help
D.to offer visitors some money­saving tips

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According to sociologists(社会学家),every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层).Class,power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.
Class means a person’s economic position in society.A commonly used classification is lower class,middle class and upper class.While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined,they do describe societies like the United States quite well.One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class,and 1% the upper class.Interestingly,a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!
Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people.Obviously,people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使)big power,but people who take orders from others have less power.Power and class do not always go hand in hand,however.For example,the governor of a state has great power,but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的)economic class.Generally,however,there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge,there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U.S.Senate!
Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society.It can also be affected by power and class,but not necessarily so.For example,a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.
小题1:What can we learn about“the middle class”from Paragraph 2?
A.People earning $50,000 a year belong to the middle class.
B.Nearly half Americans belong to the middle class.
C.People generally consider bus drivers as the middle class.
D.Sociologists have a clear definition of the middle class.
小题2:According to the text,we know that________.
A.power and class do not always correspond with each other
B.status refers to a person’s economic position in society
C.people with high status have a lot of control over others
D.class is less important in deciding a person’s social rank
小题3:.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
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It is widely known that any English conversation begins with The Weather.Such a fixation with the weather finds expression in Dr.Johnson’s famous comment that“When two English meet,their first talk is of weather.”Though Johnson’s observation is as accurate now as it was over two hundred years ago,most commentators fail to come up with a convincing explanation for this English weather­speak.
Bill Bryson,for example,concludes that,as the English weather is not at all exciting,the obsession with it can hardly be understood.He argues that“To an outsider,the most striking thing about the English weather is that there is not very much of it.” Simply,the reason is that the unusual and unpredictable weather is almost unknown in the British Isles.
Jeremy Paxman,however,disagrees with Bryson,arguing that the English weather is by nature attractive.Bryson is wrong,he says,because the English preference for the weather has nothing to do with the natural phenomena.“The interest is less in the phenomena themselves,but in uncertainty.”According to him,the weather in England is very changeable and uncertain and it attracts the English as well as the outsider.
Bryson and Paxman stand for common misconceptions about the weather­speak among the English.Both commentators,somehow,are missing the point.The English weather conversation is not really about the weather at all.English weather­speak is a system of signs,which is developed to help the speakers overcome the natural reserve and actually talk to each other.Everyone knows conversations starting with weather­speak are not requests for weather data.Rather,they are routine greetings,conversation starters or the blank “fillers”.In other words,English weather­speak is a means of social bonding.
小题1:The author mentions Dr.Johnson’s comment to show that________.
A.most commentators agree with Dr.Johnson
B.Dr.Johnson is famous for his weather observation
C.the comment was accurate two hundred years ago
D.English conversations usually start with the weather
小题2:What does the underlined word “obsession” most probably refer to?
A.A social trend.
B.An emotional state.
C.A historical concept.
D.An unknown phenomenon.
小题3:According to the passage,Jeremy Paxman believes that________.
A.Bill Bryson has little knowledge of the weather
B.there is nothing special about the English weather
C.the English weather attracts people to the British Isles
D.English people talk about the weather for its uncertainty
小题4:What is the author’s main purpose of writing the passage?
A.To explain what English weather­speak is about.
B.To analyse misconceptions about the English weather.
C.To find fault with both Bill Bryson and Jeremy Paxman.
D.To convince people that the English weather is changeable.

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We’ve reached a strange-some would say unusual-point.While fighting world hunger continues to be the matter of vital importance according to a recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO),more people now die from being overweight,or say,from being extremely fat,than from being underweight.It’s the good life that’s more likely to kill us these days.
Worse,nearly l8 million children under the age of five around the world are estimated to be overweight.What’s going on?
We really don’t have many excuses for our weight problems.The dangers of the problem have been drilled into us by public­health campaigns since 2001 and the message is getting through—up to a point.
In the 1970s,Finland,for example,had the highest rate of heart disease in the world and being overweight was its main cause.Not any more.A public­health campaign has greatly reduced the number of heart disease deaths by 80 per cent over the past three decades.
Maybe that explains why the percentage of people in Finland taking diet pills doubled between 2001 and 2005,and doctors even offer surgery of removing fat inside and change the shape of the body.That has become a sort of fashion.No wonder it ranks as the world’s most body­conscious country.
We know what we should be doing to lose weight—but actually doing it is another matter.By far the most popular excuse is not taking enough exercise.More than half of us admit we lack willpower.
Others blame good food.They say:it’s just too inviting and it makes them overeat.Still others lay the blame on the Americans,complaining that pounds have piled on thanks to eating too much American­style fast food.
Some also blame their parents-their genes.But unfortunately,the parents are wronged because they’re normal in shape,or rather slim.
It’s a similar story around the world,although people are relatively unlikely to have tried to lose weight.Parents are eager to see their kids shape up.Do as I say-not as I do.
小题1:What is the“strange”point mentioned in the first sentence?
A.The good life is a greater risk than the bad life.
B.Starvation is taking more people’s lives in the world.
C.WHO report shows people’s unawareness of food safety.
D.Overweight issue remains unresolved despite WHO’s efforts.
小题2:Why does the author think that people have no excuse for being overweight?
A.A lot of effective diet pills are available.
B.Body image has nothing to do with good food.
C.They have been made fully aware of its dangers.
D.There are too many overweight people in the world.
小题3:.The example of Finland is used to illustrate________.
A.the cause of heart disease
B.the fashion of body shaping
C.the effectiveness of a campaign
D.the history of a body­conscious country
小题4:Which would be the best title for the passage?
A.Actions or Excuses?
B.Overweight or Underweight?
C.WHO in a Dilemma
D.No Longer Dying of Hunger

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