We often use the words “growth” and “development” as if they meant basically the
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We often use the words “growth” and “development” as if they meant basically the same thing. But this may not always be the case. One can easily imagine instances in which a country has achieved higher levels of income (growth) with little or no benefit coming to most of its citizens (development).
In the past, most development policies were aimed at increasing the growth rate of income per capita (人均所得). Many are still based on the theory that benefit of economic growth will come to all members of society. If this theory is correct, growth should encourage development.
By the early 1970s, however, the relationship between growth and development was being questioned. A major study by the World Bank in 1974 concluded that it is now clear that more than decades of rapid growth in developing countries has been of little benefit to & third of their population.
The World Bank study showed that increase in GNP per capita did not promise important improvements in such development indicators as nutrition (营养), health, and education. Although GNP per capita did indeed rise, its benefit came down to only a small part of the population. This realization gives rise to a call for new development policies. These new policies favor agriculture over industry, call for national redistribution (资源分配) of income and wealth, and encourage programs to satisfy such basic needs as food and shelter.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s the international macroeconomic crises (大规模的经济危机) of high oil prices, worldwide recession (衰退) and the third world debt, forced attention away from programs designed to get rid of poverty. however, the lesson remains: economic growth does not promise economic development. Efforts may be required to change growing output capacity (能力) into economic benefit that reach most of a nation’s people.
小题1:What do we learn from the first paragraph about the relationship between growth and development?| A．Growth and development refer to the same thing. | | B．Growth always brings about development. | | C．Development is not a necessary result of growth. | | D．Development is a reliable measure of growth. |
小题2:Before the 1970s, most development policies were based on theory that economic growth would benefit ________.| A．most people in society | B．some people in society | | C．few people in society | D．everyone in society |
小题3: according to the study by the World Bank in 1974, economic growth in some backward countries brought ________.
A. benefit to a third of their population
B. benefit to two thirds of their population
C little benefit to their people
D. no benefit at all to their people
小题4:If the passage continues, what would the author most likely discuss in the next paragraph?| A．How to turn growth into development. | | B．How to remove poverty from society. | | C．How to decrease the third world debt. | | D．How to cope with economic crises. |
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答案
小题1:C
小题2:D
小题3:B
小题4:A |
解析
本文提出了growth和development两个概念以及它们之间的差别。指出了国民生产总值的增长(growth)并不表示人们生活水平的提高(development)。
小题1:推断题。由第二句But this may not always be the case 可知。
小题2:细节题。由第二段所述观点和第三段首句可知。
小题3:细节题。由第三段最后一句... has been of little benefit to a third of their population(对1/3的人口没有好处)可知，只对2/3的人口有益处。
小题4:推断题。本文主要讲述的是growth与development之间的不一致和不平衡，往往只有经济的“growth”没有人们的生活的“development”，因此下文该主要讲述怎样解决这一问题。 |
举一反三
It gives me great pleasure today to say a few words in praise of a man we will all miss very much. To be honest, I can’t imagine we will do without him when he’s gone. Bill Masters almost single-handed built up our sales force in the Houston area and developed the market position that we enjoy today. In only six years, he has brought the firm from a very low fifth position in the area sales to the point where we now outsell all but one of our competitors. Not only have we got 37 per cent of the market under Bill’s leadership; we are increasing our share with each passing month.
As you know, the company has moved Bill to northern California to work his sales magic in one of this company’s competitive areas. But we know that if anyone can do it, Bill Masters can, and I know you all join me in wishing him the best of luck in his new work.
小题1: The speech was made ________.| A．at a welcome meeting | B．after someone died | | C．when somebody was leaving | D．when they had a new manager |
小题2:How long did Masters work there?| A．37 years. | B．Less than 5 years. | | C．About six years. | D．Since he began to work. |
小题3: When Bill started to work in Houston area, he had to help him.| A．many people | B．nobody | C．about 37 people | D．very few people |
小题4: Bill increased the company’s sale________.| A．by 37 per cent every month | B．to the second largest in the area | | C．to be the fifth largest in the area | D．five times as much as before |
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There are about fifteen hundred languages in the world.
But ___1___ a few of them are very ___2___. English is one of these. Many, many people use it, not only in England and the U. S. A, but in other parts of the world. About 200, 000, 000 speak it as their own language. It is difficult to say how many people are learning it as a ___3___ language. Many millions are ___4___ to do so.
Is it easy or difficult to learn English? Different people may have different ___5___. Have you ever ___6___ the ads of this kind in the newspapers or magazines?
“Learn English in six month, or your ___7___ back ...” “Easy and funny? Our records and tapes ___8___ you master your English in a month. ___9___ the first day your ___10___ will be excellent. Just send ...” Of course, it never ___11___ quite like this.
The only language that seems easy to learn is the mother tongue. We should ___12___ that we all learned our own language well when we were ___13___. If we could learn English in the same way, it would not seem so difficult. ___14___ what a small child does. He listens to what people say. He tries what he hears. When he is using the language, talking in it, and ___15___ in it all the time, just imagine how much ___16___ that gets!
So it is ___17___ to say that learning English is easy, because a good command of English ___18___ upon a lot of practice. And practice needs great effort and ___19___ much time. Good teachers, records, tapes, books, and dictionaries will ___20___. But they cannot do the student’s work for him.
1. A. not B. quite C. only D. very
2. A. difficult B. important C. necessary D. easy
3. A. native B. foreign C. useful D. mother
4. A. learning B. enjoying C. trying D. liking
5. A. questions B. problems C. ideas D. answers
6. A. found B. watched C. noticed D. known
7. A. knowledge B. time C. money D. English
8. A. make B. help C. let D. allow
9. A. From B. On C. Since D. After
10. A. spelling B. grammar C. English D. pronunciation
11. A. happened B. know C. seemed D. felt
12. A. know B. remember C. understand D. think
13. A. students B. children C. babies D. grown-ups
14. A. Imagine B. Mind C. Do D. Think of
15. A. using B. thinking C. trying D. practicing
16. A. time B. money C. language D. practice
17. A. hard B. easy C. funny D. silly
18. A. depends B. tries C. has D. takes
19. A. uses B. takes C. gets D. costs
20. A. do B. work C. help D. master |
Everyone wants some degree of success. Many people believe that they deserve (值得)success simply because they believe that they deserve success. But there is a widespread belief that people who get on in life may be successful not because they deserve it, but because of influential (有影响的) friends or the right background. Sometimes it may just be a comforting and harmless belief, while at the other extreme it can be very destructive. I once met a brilliant young engineer who worked in a chemical plant. Because of her knowledge and experience, she should have been promoted（升职） to Production Manager. Instead, the job went to a man who was totally unsuited for the post. Everyone knew that he only got it because he was politically acceptable to his superiors (上司). This injustice discouraged the young engineer and many of her colleagues（同事）. It also meant that the factory was much less efficient than it could have been.
At the same, we should not be pessimistic (悲观的). More and more then modern world depends on having people who are in the job because they are good enough, not just because their faces fit. There is a story of a factory owner who sent for an engineer to see to a machine which would not go. He examined it, then took out a hammer and tapped, once. The machine started up immediately. When he presented his bill, the owner protested, “This can’t be right! $ 100 just for tapping（敲打） a machine with a hammer ?” The engineer wrote out a new bill: “For tapping a machine, $1; for knowing where to tap. $99.”
小题1:The engineer at the chemical plant was not promoted because _____.| A．it was politically less good for the boss to accept her than the man | | B．her boss did not think she had the right qualifications for the job | | C．the man who got the promotion was more experienced than she was | | D．it is more difficult for a woman to get a promotion than for her male colleague |
小题2:The engineer who repaired the machine was right in charging $ 100 because____.| A．he hit the machine to get it started again | | B．the factory owner could not have repaired it himself | | C．he was charging for his knowledge and expert skills | | D．he was the only person who could find out what was wrong with it |
小题3:What can we learn about the author’s attitude toward the widespread belief that “people get on in life may be successful not because they deserve it”?| A．He quite agrees with it. | | B．He doesn’t express his opinion his opinion at it. | | C．He completely disagrees with it. | | D．He doesn’t quite agree with it. |
小题4: According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?| A．Having influential friends or right background seems helpful sometimes. | | B．The engineer had good reason to overcharge the factory owner. | | C．Not all those who are good in their jobs have the chance to be promoted. | | D．Those who are good in their jobs are still largely needed by the modern society. |
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Dear Editor,
Brockingham is run by people who are more interested in tourists than its residents. The problem is that the people running the government refuse to accept new ideas. By banning(禁止) all fast-food restaurants and discount stores, they take away all the places kids can afford to shop.
These people forget that when they were young, they could go to the South Street Soda Fountain and get an ice-cream soda for 25 cents. Today you can’t find an ice-cream soda anywhere in Brockingham for less than $2! Where can kids go for a snack?
There is not a single restaurant in Brockingham where a family of four can eat dinner for less than $100. Add a 15% tip and sales tax and you have spent nearly $125 to eat a meal you could prepare at home for about $12. Have you noticed that Brockingham families never dine in Brockingham?
Fast-food restaurants are also a good place for school kids to get an after-school job. Fast-food restaurants are busiest during the early supper hours when students are able to work, whereas the fancy food restaurants cater to late-night diners. Working in one of these establishments requires working shifts that are too late for most students.
The City Council claims that local merchants, rather than national chains, should benefit from the tourist business. I agree that it is important to support local businesses, but I think the fast-food restaurants would encourage more people to shop in Brockingham.
Another thing that disturbs me is that we must travel 25 miles to the nearest discount store. If I need a tire for my bike, I have a choice of buying one at Surf and Peddle Sport Shop for $15 or driving to Parkersburg Discount Center where I can buy the same kind of tire for $9. Again, I think the ban on all food chains and discount houses is counterproductive for our city.
Wes Woodrow
9th-Grade Student at Brockingham High School
小题1:Why does Wes Woodrow write this letter to the editor?
Because the government bans all fast-food restaurants and discount stores in Brockingham.
Because the writer can’t find an ice-cream soda anywhere in Brockingham for less than $2.
Because a family of four can’t find a restaurant in Brockingham to eat dinner for less than $100.
Because the writer has to travel 25 miles to the nearest discount store.
小题2: From the letter we can infer that _____.
the writer used to buy a lot of ice-cream soda
the students refuse to work in fancy food restaurants
the government’s ban benefits local merchants much
discount stores usually offer a discount of 40%
小题3: The underlined word “counterproductive” in paragraph 6 of the letter probably means _____.| A．cheap, not expensive | B．surprising, not expected | | C．harmful, not helpful | D．doubtful, not sure |
小题4: One way the writer of this letter tries to convince the reader is by _____.
complaining that someone has to drive him to Parkersburg
getting an after-school job in fast-food restaurant himself
suggesting that many businessmen have the same opinion
giving specific examples of the high costs in Brockingham |
Brand is often regarded as the creation of western advertisement industry. However, the earliest “brand” could be traced back to the early civilization in China and Egypt. Earthenware(陶器)made in China thousands of years ago had signs or symbols of pottery makers, and domestic animals branded with marks could also be seen on wall paintings of ancient Egypt. These might be the first “brand” in history.
Time passes and the situation has changed. Nowadays Americans have “Cadillac”, Japanese have “Toyota”, Cermans have “Mercedes-Benz”, and they are all proud of the big brands they own. Chinese national brands are pale in comparison to their global counterparts. It is a reality which we cannot deny and have to face. With the globalization of brands and the internationalization of global competition, foreign brands are making constant efforts in attacking the Chinese market. Under the circumstances, the question that we must ask is：How can Chinese brands be ready for the challenge posed by foreign brands?
Many Chinese enterprises are single-minded in getting the attention of the international market and going into metropolises(大城市). Successful though they seem, they act ill-advisedly. We should be aware that it is the home market, especially the rural market with a population of 900 million people that provides the real development opportunity for Chinese national brands. That is why many powerful foreign brands are trying, with every possible means, to develop the Chinese rural market.
Quality is the life of a brand and consumers always choose products with first-class quality. The quality of Chinese products is very unstable so that it seriously affects the establishment of Chinese brands. Therefore, for those national brands determined to challenge foreign brands, the top task is to improve product quality. It must be clearly understood that, for a consumer who has bought a product, defects in 1% of your products mean 100% loss. Only if we create products with quality better than that of foreign brands can national brands be successful in competition.
小题1: What is the question that we have to ask in face of foreign brands?| A．How to run a company in foreign countries. | | B．How to stay in harmony with the foreign brands. | | C．How to catch up with the foreign company in service and price. | | D．How to compete against the foreign brands. |
小题2:Which of the following would the author agree with?| A．Quality is the most important element for a brand. | | B．China’s international market is fully feveloped. | | C．China’s products are matchless in the international market. | | D．China’s goods are always of bad quality. |
小题3: Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?| A．Metropolitan areas are what many Chinese enterprises focus on. | | B．Pottery made in ancient China had signs or symbols of the makers. | | C．The top target of foreign enterprises in China has been the rural market. | | D．Chinese enterprises should try to get into the home market. |
小题4:What can be concluded from the passage?| A．There’s no need for foreign brands to make constant efforts to compete with Chinese brands. | | B．Ancient Chinese and Egyptians knew how to mark or symbolize their works. | | C．Chinese enterprises can hardly build big brands people trust due to quality problems. | | D．Chinese brands can only be successful in domestic market. |
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