The Beginning of the Civil Rights MovementIn 1955，bus seats for African American
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The Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
In 1955，bus seats for African Americans and whites were separated in parts of the U．S.. On December 1,1955，in the city of Montgomery，Alabama，a conflict，or disagreement，started when an African American woman named Rosa Parks refused to give her bus seat to a white man and go to the back of the bus. The police took 42yearold Parks to jail.
The African American community was extremely angry. They had a meeting and decided to work together to protest discrimination. They agreed to boycott(抵制) the buses on the day that Parks went to court. The day was a success. Empty buses drove through the streets. The city lost money. The community decided to continue the boycott. They elected a man named Martin Luther King，Jr. to be the leader.
The boycott continued. It was difficult for African Americans to get to work without buses，but they didn’t stop the boycott. The city continued to lose money. Finally，the U．S. Supreme Court decided that Montgomery’s bus laws were unfair and gave the African American community equal right. On December 21,1956，the bus boycott ended.
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. The movement eventually led to the Civil Rights Act in 1964，a set of laws that made discrimination a crime. During the Montgomery Bus Boycott，people worked together to change the government. Today，people in the U．S. continue to work together for a change. Now hundreds of organizations and community groups work to protect the rights of U．S. citizens and residents.
小题1:How is the situation for the black in the U．S. in 1955?| A．They were treated equally. | | B．They were treated unfairly. | | C．They had no rights to take a bus. | | D．They were not allowed to take the same bus with the white. |
小题2:What is the cause of the Civil Rights Movement?| A．Bus seats for African Americans and white were separated in parts of the U．S. | | B．Rosa Parks was sent to jail for she refused to give her bus seat to a white man. | | C．The African American community had a meeting to protest discrimination. | | D．A man named Martin Luther King，Jr. was elected to be the leader. |
小题3:How long did the boycott continue?| A．Less than a year. | B．Less than a month. | | C．More than a year. | D．More than a month. |
小题4:How did the black people fight for the civil rights?| A．By refusing to take buses. | | B．By refusing to talk to the white. | | C．Through fights with the white people. | | D．By doing nothing. |
小题5:What is the final result of the Civil Rights Movement?| A．The U．S. Supreme Court decided that Montgomery’s bus laws were unfair and gave the African American community equal right. | | B．They elected a man named Martin Luther King，Jr. to be the leader. | | C．Black people and white people can take the same bus. | | D．The movement eventually led to the Civil Rights Act in 1964，a set of laws that made discrimination a crime. |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:B
小题3:C
小题4:A
小题5:D |
解析
试题分析:
小题1:推理题，由第一段最后一句a conflict，or disagreement，started when an African American woman named Rosa Parks refused to give her bus seat to a white man and go to the back of the bus. The police took 42yearold Parks to jail可以推出答案，故选B。
小题2:细节题。由第一段a conflict，or disagreement，started when an African American woman named Rosa Parks refused to give her bus seat to a white man and go to the back of the bus. 可以知道答案，所以选B。
小题3:推理题，由第一段第二行On December 1,1955，和第三段最后一句On December 21,1956，the bus boycott ended可以推出答案，所以选C
小题4:细节题，由第三段第二行but they didn’t stop the boycott. The city continued to lose money.可以知道答案，所以选A
小题5:细节题，由最后一段第二行The movement eventually led to the Civil Rights Act in 1964，a set of laws that made discrimination a crime. 可以知道答案，所以选D
点评：本文说明了导致独立运动的原因和运动的结果。推断题测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局作出合理的推断；或根据作者所阐述的观点理论，对文章未涉及的现象、事例给以解释；细节题要求学生仔细阅读短文；。考生首先要仔细阅读短文，完整了解信息，准确把握作者观点。 |
举一反三
People have strange ideas about food. For example, the tomato is a kind of very delicious vegetable. It is one of useful plants that can be prepared in many ways. It has rich nutrition and vitamin in it. But in the 18th century, Americans never ate tomatoes. They grew them in their gardens because tomato plants are so pretty. But they thought the vegetable was poisonous (有毒的). They called tomatoes “poison apples.”
President Thomas Jefferson, however, knew that tomatoes were good to eat. He was a learned man. He had been to Paris, where he learned to love the taste of tomatoes. He grew many kinds of tomatoes in his garden. The President taught his cook a way for a cream of tomato soup. This beautiful pink soup was served at the President’s party. The guests thought the soup tasted really good. They never thought their president would serve his honored guests poison apples.
Jefferson never spoke to his honored (忠实的) guests about the fact.
小题1:The passage tells us that Jefferson was a President who learned to love the taste of tomatoes .| A．while he was in Paris | B．when he was a little boy | | C．because his parents told him so | D．from books |
小题2: According to the text, _______ made the beautiful pink soup served at the President’s party?| A．the President himself | B．a French cook | | C．the President’s cook | D．the President’s wife |
小题3: From the passage we know all the honored guests invited by Jefferson were .| A．people from other countries | B．from France | | C．people of his own country | D．men only |
小题4:According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?| A．All of the guests knew the soup that was served at the President’s party was made of tomatoes. | | B．All of the guests thought the soup which was prepared by the President’s cook was nice. | | C．All of the guests thought the taste of the beautiful pink soup was nice. | | D．None of the guests knew that their president would serve his honored guests poison apples |
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No one can believe that the over 6,300-kilometer Great Wall might disappear some day. Believe it or not, the Great Wall is being destroyed by people. Less than 20 percent of the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty ,is still perfect, but about 80 percent is in danger. The Great Wall can be called “ great “ mostly because of its amazing length. But we should realize that the length was made up of one brick at a time. If we do nothing to save the Great Wall,it will become a series of separate wasteland rather than a historic site.
The Great Wall is actually a series of walls built and rebuilt by different dynasties over the past 2,000 years. It began in the rule of China’s first emperor, Qin Shihuang of the Qin Dynasty (221BC----206BC), and lasted into the Ming Dynasty. The parts built before the Ming Dynasty have nearly disappeared. People are familiar with sections such as Badaling in Beijing and Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu, because they have been open to tourists for many years. But those sections far away from the public eyes have been almost forgotten.
Few local people knew the 3—meter—high walls made of earth and stones beside them are parts of the Great Wall. The lack of knowledge is considered as one of the main reasons behind human.
The bricks on the Great Wall are carried off by countryside people to build their houses,sheep corrals and pigsties. Some were taken away to build roads. Bricks carved with people’s names are put away as remembrances. The rubbish is spread over the battlements. The brick can be sold 15 yuan per tractor load. Those who destroyed and are destroying the Wall know its name, but are not clear about its cultural meaning. It will take a long time to let them know this. The local farmers not only carried off the body of the Wall but also dug out the entire base.
It is necessary to protect the Great Wall. First of all, the officials should be aware of the importance of the Great Wall. Young Chinese should know more about the nation’s great civilization and learn to love it.
小题1:Why does the writer say the Great Wall might disappear?| A．It is useless from now on. | | B． It is too old to be used again. | | C． It will be replaced by a new one. | | D． Some parts of it are being destroyed. |
小题2:The underlined part “ those sections far away from the public eyes “( in Para. 2 ) refers to the parts of the Great Wall______________.| A．nobody can watch. | | B．that are too far to be seen. | | C．that are too difficult to find. | | D．that are not well-known to the public. |
小题3: What’s the main reason of the Great Wall being destroyed?| A．The local people sell the bricks for a living. | | B．The local people are short of culture knowledge. | | C．The local people think that the Great Wall is not important. | | D．The local people need bricks and stones to build houses. |
小题4: Which of the following may be the best title for this passage?| A．How to Protect the Great Wall. | | B．How the Great Wall came into being. | | C．The Great Wall Being Rebuilt. | | D．The Great Wall Being in Danger. |
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American women experience a great variety of lifestyle. A typical American woman may be single. She may also be divorced or married. She may be a homemaker, a doctor or a factory worker. It is very difficult to generalize about American women. However, one thing that many American women have in common is their attitudes about themselves and their roles in American life.
Historically, American women have always been very independent. The first settlers to come to New England were ten young couples that had left behind their extended families. The women were alone in a new, undeveloped country with their husbands. This has two important effects. First of all, this was the uncivilized environment that demanded every person to share in developing it and in survival. Women worked with their husbands and children to make themselves accepted in this new land. Second, because they were in a new land without the established influence of older members of society, women felt free to step into non—traditional roles.
This role of women was strengthened in later years as Americans move west again, leaving families behind and meeting a new environment. Even later, in the east, as new settlers arrived, women often found jobs more easily than men. Women became the supporters of the family.
Within the established lifestyle of the industrialized twentieth century, the strong role of women was not attractive as in the early days of the country. Some women stepped into the men’s jobs as factory and business workers. After the war, some women stayed in these positions, and others left their jobs with a new sense of ability.
小题1:A typical American woman is______________.| A．single or married | B． divorced | | C．sure about herself and her role | D． all of the above |
小题2: During the industrialized twentieth century, the role of women__________.| A．was found out | | B．was as important as before. | | C．declined | | D．was stronger than that of the early days |
小题3: Women took part in men’s job during the time of_________.| A．the Second World War | | B． the Westward Movement | | C． the early immigration | | D． the industrialized twentieth century. |
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Technology has been an encouragement of historical change. It acted as such a force in England beginning in the eighteenth century, and across the entire Western World in the nineteenth. Rapid advances were made in the use of scientific findings in the manufacture (制造) of goods, which has changed ideas about work. One of the first changes was that other forms of energy have taken the place of human power. Along with this came the increased use of machines to manufacture products in less time. People also developed machines that could produce the same parts for a product: each nail was exactly like every other nail, meaning that each nail could be changed for every other nail. This means that goods could be mass production, although mass production required breaking production down into smaller and smaller tasks.
Once this was done, workers no longer started on the product and labored to complete it. Instead, they might work only one thousandth of it, other workers completing their own parts in certain order. There is nothing strange about this manufacturing work by today"s standards. Highly skilled workers were unable to compare with the new production techniques, as mass production allowed goods of high standard to be produced in greater number than could ever be done by hand. But the skilled worker wasn"t the only loser, the common workers lost too. Similar changes forced farmer away. The increased mechanization (机械化) of agriculture freed masses of workers from ploughing the land and harvesting its crops. They had no choice but to stream toward the rapidly developing industrial centers. Increasingly, standards were set by machines. Workers no longer owned their own tools, their skill was no longer valued, and pride in their work was no longer possible. Workers fed, looked after and repaired the machines that could work faster than humans at greatly reduced cost.
小题1:In this passage, which of the following is NOT considered as a change caused by the use of scientific findings in the production of goods?| A．Other forms of energy have taken the place of human power. | | B．The increased exploitation (剥削)of workers in the 19th century. | | C．The increased use of machines to make products in less time. | | D．The use of machines producing parts of the same standard. |
小题2:The underlined word “this ”in the second paragraph refers to the change that ______| A．each nail could be taken the place of by every other nail | | B．each nail was exactly like every other nail | | C．producing tasks became smaller and smaller | | D．goods could be mass produced |
小题3:According to the writer, highly skilled workers ______| A．completely disappeared with the coming of the factory system | | B．were dismissed(解散) by the boss | | C．were unable to produce goods of high standard | | D．were unable to produce fine goods at that same speed as machines |
小题4:According to the passage, what did the farmers have to do with the coming of mechanization of agriculture?
A. Many of them had to leave their farmland for industrial centers.
B. They stuck to their farm work.
C. They refused to use machines.
D They did their best to learn how to use the machines. |
The engineer Camilla Olivetti was 40 years old when he started the company in 1908. At his factory in Ivrea, he designed and produced the first Italian typewriter. Today the company’s head office is still in Ivrea, near Turin, but the company is much larger than it was in those days and there are offices all around the world,
By 1930 there was a staff of 700 and the company turned out 13.000 machines a year. Some went to customers in Italy, but Olivetti exported more typewriters to other countries.
Camillo’s son, Adriano, started working for the company in 1924 and later he became the boss. He introduced a standard speed for the production line and he employed technology and design specialist. The company developed new and better typewriters and then calculators(计算器). In 1959 it produced the ELEA computer system. This was the first mainframe(主机) computer designed and made in Italy.
After Adriano died in 1960, the company had a period of financial problem. Other companies, especially the Japanese, made faster progress in electronic technology than the Italian company.
In 1978, Carlo de Benedetti became the new boss. Olivetti increased its marketing and service networks and made agreements with other companies to design and produce more advanced office equipment. Soon it became one of the world’s leading companies in information technology and communications. There are now five independent companies in the Olivetti group—one for personal computers, one for other office equipment, one for systems and service, and two for telecommunications.
小题1:From the text we learn that | A．by 1930 Olivetti produced 13.000 typewriters a year | | B．Olivetti earned more in the 1960s than in the 1950s | | C．some of Olivetti’s 700 staff regularly visited customers in Italy | | D．Olivetti set up offices in other countries from the very beginning |
小题2:What was probably the direct result of Olivetti’s falling behind in electronic technology| A．Adriano’s death | B．A period of financial problems | | C．Its faster progress | D．Its agreements with other companies. |
小题3:What do we know about Olivetti?| A．It produced the best typewriter in the world. | | B．It designed the world’s first mainframe computer. | | C．It exported more typewriters than other companies. | | D．It has five independent companies with its head office in Ivrea. |
小题4:The best title for the text would be | A．The Origin of Olivetti. | B．The Success of Olivetti. | | C．The History of Olivetti | D．The Production of Olivetti. |
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