How to Make a Budget (预算) Most likely, you aren"t the family breadwinner. But doing a small job or getting a weekly allowance (零花钱) would put some money in your pocket. For kids and grown-ups alike, money is easy to spend. If you aren"t careful, it can be gone in no time. Being responsible with your money is an important skill to learn-and the sooner you start the better. Whether you are tracking your spending or saving for something special, creating a budget can help you deal with your expenses and plan for the future. All you need are paper and a pencil-and some self-control. First, take a look at our sample monthly budget. Then, use a separate sheet of paper to plan your own. In the first two columns (栏), list your sources (来源) of income and how much you expect to earn form them. In the third and fourth columns, list what you expect to spend your money on and the amount.
The left-hand total should be more than or equal to the right-hand total. If it is, you have an effective budget. Budgets are not complex, but sticking to them can be tough. When planning your budget, be realistic about your expenses. If you know | Sample Monthly Budget
Monthly Income | Amount | Monthly Expenses | Amount | Allowance | $ 20.00 | Snacks | $ 26.00 | Money earned Selling drinks | $ 25.00 | Music downloads | $ 12.00 | Money earned babysitting | $ 12.50 | Movies | $ 18.00 | Money earned | $ 30.00 | Video rentals | $ 10.00 | 阅读理解。 | While parents, particularly mothers, have always been attached to their infants (婴儿). Societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain (保持). First of all, the high infant death rate in the premodern times meant that such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused, a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child. One of these premodern attachment discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. Another practice that discouraged maternal (母亲的) attachment was tightly wrapping (包裹) infants. Wrapping effectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking (抚摸) and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers" and fathers" affection for their infants. A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing. Breast-feeding (母乳哺育) was not popular among the well-to-do in the early modern times; infants were often fed by wet nurses hired for the purpose. In some places, such as nineteenth-century France, city infants were sent to wet nurses in the country. Often a wet nurse would feed her own child first, leaving little milk for the city infant-who, in many cases, died. In Rouen, the death rate for children sent to a wet nurse was 35 percent. | 1. Babies were unnamed until they were two so that ______. | A. an old social custom could be kept up B. maternal attachment could be maintained C. they could have better chances to survive D. their parents would not be too sad if they died | 2. Why were babies wrapped? | A. To protect them from the cold. B. To distance their mothers from them. C. To make them feel more comfortable. D. To make it easy for their mothers to hold them. | 3. Wet nurses were women who ______. | A. babysat city infants B. fed babies of other families C. sent their babies to the country D. failed to look after their babies | 4. Wet nurses were women who ______. | A. babysat city infants B. fed babies of other families C. sent their babies to the country D. failed to look after their babies | Cloze. | Adults are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practised in the meantime. A man who has not had an opportunity to go swimming for years can 1 swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after several decades and still 2 away. A mother who has not 3 the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or recite the story of Cinderella or Snow White. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: 4 we have learned something, additional learning increases the 5 of time we will remember it. In childhood, we usually continue to practise such skills as swimming, bicycle riding long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and 6 ourselves of poems such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella or Snow White. We not only learn but 7 . The law of overlearning explains why cramming (突击学习) for an examination, 8 it may result in a passing grade, is not a 9 way to learn a school course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning; 10 , is usually a good investment toward the future. | ( )1. A. only ( )2. A. more ( )3. A. thought about ( )4. A. Before ( )5. A. accuracy ( )6. A. remind ( )7. A. recite ( )8. A. though ( )9. A. convenient ( )10. A. at most | B. hardly B. drive B. cared for B. Once B. unit B. inform B. overlearn B. so B. demanding B. by the way | C. still C. travel C. showed up C. Until C. limit C. warm C. research C. if C. satisfactory C. on the other hand | D. even D. ride D. brought up D. Unless D. length D. recall D. improve D. after D. swift D. in the end |
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