Communication Principles How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate. "Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he (or she) is the center". Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them. But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication. A student, for instance, may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment:"I know my teacher doesn"t like the fact that I don"t agree with his opinions and that"s why he gave me such a poor grade in that class. "The teacher might say the opposite. Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person"s view is wrong. The concept of self originates in communication. Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others. You establish self-image. The sort of person you believe you are, by how others think of you. Positive, negative, and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are. Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process. Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people. In a more obvious way, communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share. So,the communication begins with the self, as defined largely by others,and involves others, as defined largely by the self. Communication occurs almost every minute of your life. If you are not communicating with yourself (thinking, planning, reacting to the world around you), you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior. Even if the other person did not intend a message for you, you gather observations and draw specific conclusions. A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message. A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you. A third person smiles (perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently) and you believe that he is attracted to you. We are continually picking up meanings from others" behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them. More often than not, you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement. You may have made a joke out of your rude statement. Nonetheless, your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind. You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others. Communication cannot be reversed (倒退),n or can it be repeated. When you tried to re-create the atmosphere, the conversation,and the setting, nothing seemed right. Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results. |
Paragraph outline | Supporting Details | Communication begins with the self | ●People are somewhat products of others" treatment and messages. ●we are always (1)______ in communication with others. | Communication (2)______ others | ●Experiences of others help children learn to accept roles. ●Messages from others help you (3)______ who you are. ●Needs and (4)______ of others should be considered. | Communication (5)______ everywhere | ●We are communicating with ourselves by thinking,planning and reacting to the outside world. ●We are always (6)______ other people by observing even if they do not intend any message for you. ●We are constantly collecting meanings from others" (7)______. ●We are constantly (8)______ meanings by what we do. | Communication cannot be reversed nor repeated | ●You may explain what you have done, but you cannot (9)______ what remains in the other person"s mind. ●Yon may redo the conversation,but you (10)______ achieve the same results. |
答案
1. self-centered/subjective 2. involves 3. determine/define/know/understand 4. expectations/hopes/desires/wishes 5. occurs/happens/exists/arises | 6. reading/understanding/knowing 7. behaviors/acts/action(s)/activities 8. conveying/expressing 9. erase/remove/delete/change 10. can’t/cannot |
举一反三
阅读理解。 | 237 West Palmdale Boulevard Fresno, Califormia93706 AmToy Corporation Suite 15 TransAm Building November 20, 2008 Dear Sirs, As a concerned parent, I am writing to protest your recent advertisement for Electro-Rain seen in local media is California. Specially, I am referring to newspaper and magazine ads (attached this letter) and had the week of November 15. Children respond to your type of advertising in an immature way; that is, they are able to understand how expensive some toys are for middle-class parent. Further, your product is violent in nature. Youth advertisement gives children the impression that it"s fine to have "two guns and laser eyes." You also suggest that children need your toy protect them "when you go outside." This is not a healthy attitude for children to have. I hope you will stop advertising your product in such a way that may our children. Sincerely yours, (Mrs.) Alma Hernandez Enc | It"s here! Ready for You, Now! It"s Electro-Robo! Every lay dreams of being in control of a robot, and AmToy can make your dream come true Electro- R0ho is the world"s first fully autocratic robot with radio control. Standing 80 centimeters tall, Electro-Robo is like a friend at home. He can walk, talk, and even shake your had! He has two guns and laser eyes to help you defend yourself when you go outside with him. Every boy needs Electro-Robo! Ask your Mom and Dad to buy Electro-Robo for your birthday or for Christmas, which is coming up soon. Imagine that you are in control of your friend for life, Electro-Robo! Available at all toy stores and department stores NOW! | 阅读理解。 | Many people write to newspaper and magazines express their opinions. Letters to the editor must carry the writer"s full name, address and telephone number, although the information is not necessary for publication. This requirement to provide personal particulars is a clear indication that writers are held responsible for what they say. When a writer wants his voice heard, he needs to claim ownership of his voice. Responsibility is the name of the game. "People today prefer living together to putting their signatures on a marriage certificate because they refuse to accept responsibility for the relationship," said social worker Ken Yip, "and this is what is causing a lot of family problems." When we sign a paper, for example, a business contract or a bank document, the signature is symbol of consent, an agreement to take the matter seriously. Most governments and many organizations will not process writer"s complaints if they do not bear the writer"s signature. The absence of a signature, they explain, tells us that the writer cannot be too serious and therefore does not deserve a reply. There are people who wish to remain anonymous (匿名的) for various reasons. Multi-billionaire Mr. King donates generously to charity several times a year. He gives simply because he wants to help but not for the publicity his donations may bring, and he does not want his good deeds to make news. In other cases, people insist on anonymity because they are afraid of the consequences of revealing their identity. Crime witnesses may be willing to assist the police, but most are unwilling to give their names when reporting a crime. Name or no name? The answer is very personal and lies in how much we want to get involved. We all have a name, it is a matter if responsibility to it when we make a statement, a claim or an accusation. We all want to honour our own name, and it is only by stamping our expression of an opinion with our own name that we honour what we say. | 1. What does the writer mean by saying "Responsibility is the name of the game"? | A. Writers need to provide their personal information in the game. B. Publication must bear the writer"s full name, address and phone number. C. Writers should be responsible for their names. D. Names are required to indicate writers" responsibility for what they say. | 2. The second paragraph suggests that a paper without a signature may _____. | A. help to end a relationship B. not get a reply C. be accepted all the same D. become a family problem | 3. Some people don"t want their names known because they are _____. | A. hesitant to make a donation B. unwilling to draw public attention C. afraid of an accusation D. ready for involvement | 4. The passage is mainly about _____. | A. honour and writers B. identity and signature C. signature and responsibility D. anonymity and signature | 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 | 1______ Home can be a great place for children to study. It"s important to provide a workspace of their own where they can read books or just write a letter to their friends. ● Location (位置) 2______ Kitchen and dining room are not so well suite for regular study. since books and pens get in the way of the day-to-day uses of those areas. Set up a place where a child can settle in and leave papers and pens at band without having to clear everything away each night. For a child that likes being alone, set aside a corner of his bedroom, but keep it separate from things like games, music and other hobbies not related to studying. ● Keeping Things in Order Parents should encourage their child to spread out, but to leave it neat and orderly when he isn"t using his workspace. Ownership is very important for self-respect 3______ The workplace should be personal, but not another part of the playroom. ● 4______ Encourage the whole family to help build a supportive environment that children need for success in school. Give them a good example of how to deal with problems, how to manage time and get things done in the right way. 5______ Study will be more enjoyable and effective when supported by the whole family. | Cloze test. | People in communities have slowly been pushed apart through the years, mostly because people simply aren"t taking the time to say a simple "hello." After considering this phenomenon, I decided I was going to 1 the way I was doing things. My 2 came one morning when I was in the community library. I passed by a girl who 3 her books out of her locker. Thinking like most that someone else would help her pick them up, I continued my way. However, when I had to 4 because I stupidly forgot my book, I noticed she had just finished packing them up by herself. No one had stopped to 5 her. "OK," I thought to myself, "this is where I should have changed." My best opportunity came a few days later when I saw a man 6 by himself waiting for the library to open, so I sat down next to him and began a 7 . It was difficult to get started, and even when I had to say goodbye, almost every 8 from my new friend had a tone (语气) of doubt in it. And who could blame him? People aren"t used to making an 9 chat with a stranger. But a change, no matter how 10 it is needed, doesn"t just happen. It takes people like us to make it possible. I 11 you to take a small step out of your comfort zone and try to make someone"s day a little brighter. Together, we can really make society come 12 as a whole. | ( )1. A. change ( ) 2. A. trouble ( )3. A. took ( )4. A. come out ( )5. A. please ( )6. A. sitting ( )7. A. discussing ( )8. A. joke ( )9. A. unchangeable ( )10. A. desperately ( )11. A. allow ( )12. A. later | B. explain B. doubt B. dropped B. stand by B. greet B. walking B. lesson B. response B. unprepared B. frequently B. warm B. straighter | C. learn C. wish C. got C. go back C. help C. riding C. report C. cry C. unforgettable C. simply C. order C. closer | D. show D. opportunity D. pulled D. turn up D. praise D. running D. conversation D. story D. unfinished D. widely D. advise D. slower | Reading comprehension. | When first entered, Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob (烤肉串) hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less. Owned by a local couple, this Persian restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere that many restaurants lack. The space is small with only a few dining tables and nearly no decoration, but the environment is truly chaiming. Lying in a hardly noticeable street corner, the restaurant still attracts all customer especially those experienced in the delights of Middle Easrern cooking. A common sight is that of old Persian men sitting in the corner talking loudly about world topics, wathcing news events on TV, drinking a black tea known as Persian chai, an reading local Persian nespapers all the while trying to finish off their plates piled wit food. The variety of food at the restaurant is limited, but the amount of each dish is fairly large. Most of the meals can serve two people and are under $10, so not only is it affordably but practical as well. The food, especially appeals to health-conscious eaters because each dish is very healthy, made with limited fat and oil and served straight off the grill (烤肉架). The main dish that the restaurant is popular for is its kabobs, which are different style of grilled meat. One delicious and extemely healthy dish is the Jooieh Kabob, which is made of grille chichen picccs served with either rice or bread. Another great kabob is the Chelo Kabob, kabob consinting of grilled beef. Although the restaurant is samall, the atmosphere and the food is delicious. It is a plan that should not be overlooked. | 1. When first entering the restaurant, one can find that it _____. | A. is splendidly decorated B. has pleasant smells of kabobs C. is crowded with dining table D. looks like a common restaurant | 2. What activity is also mentioned apart from dining in the restaurant? | A. Watching news events on TV. B. Drinking a kind of black coffee. C. Reading local English newspaper. D. Discussing world topics in loe voices. | 3. The food of the restaurant _____. | A. is served in small amounts B. is rather expensive C. is rich in varity D. is very healthy | 4. What is the dish Joojeh Kabob mainly made of? | A. Rice B. Chicken C. Bread D. Beef | 5. It can be inferred from the passage that restaurant _____. | A. occupies B. owns a favorable location C. is popular for its special food D. has a quiet environment inside |
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