She’s not afraid of anything. Snakes? No problem. Walking alone in the dark? Eas
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Shaped like a pair of almonds sitting in the middle of your brain, the amygdala helps control fear and anxiety. A rare condition called Urbach-Wiethe disease left SM without her amygdala, and seems to have completely erased her sense of fear.
To try to understand how the amygdala works, a team of researchers made their efforts to scare SM. They showed her horror movies and took her to the Waverly Hills Sanatorium Haunted House in Kentucky. She pushed out one of the monsters(巨物) and laughed. SM said she didn’t like snakes, but at a pet store full of poisonous creatures, she kept asking to touch them. When asked to rate her feelings, SM reported feeling surprised or disgusted, but never fearful.
“She tends to approach everything she should be avoiding,” says Justin Feinstein of the University of Iowa. This means the amygdala could control deeper urges to approach or avoid danger. Other scientists have a different opinion, though. “I don’t believe you can make a general statement about what the amygdala does by a single case study,” Elizabeth Phelps said. In 2002, Phelps published a study on a similar patient with amygdala damage who still showed fear.
It may sound like fun to be totally fearless, but we get scared for a good reason. “The nature of fear is survival and the amygdala helps us stay alive by avoiding situations, people, or objects that put our life in danger,” Feinstein said. SM was once followed in a park after dark by a man with a knife, and she simply walked away. “It is quite remarkable that she is still alive,” said Feinstein.
小题1:SM dares to walk alone in the dark mainly because ____________.| A．she is a superhero | | B．she has experienced such conditions a lot | | C．she is a mental patient | | D．she has no sense of fear |
小题2:Researchers tried their best to frighten SM in order to find ___________.| A．The function of a particular organ | | B．SM’s reaction of fear and anxiety | | C．The process of removing amygdale | | D．A special way to get along with monsters |
小题3:What do we know from the research on SM?| A．It was easy for her to avoid danger. | | B．SM never felt fearful but disgusted. | | C．SM was frightened by nothing except monsters. | | D．SM got along well with the snakes. |
小题4:What is Elizabeth Phelps’ attitude toward the function of the amygdala based on the research on SM?| A．Indifferent | B．Supportive | C．Disapproving | D．Interested |
小题5:What can we infer from the last paragraph?| A．People can remove their amygdala to be fearless. | | B．SM will be admired because of her bravery. | | C．No one can survive if their amygdala is removed. | | D．The sense of fear is crucial to humans. |
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答案
小题1:D
小题2:A
小题3:B
小题4:C
小题5:D |
解析
试题分析：本文叙述了对于没有扁桃腺的人SM的一次实验，研究人员的目的就是看一下扁桃腺的功能，他们让SM看恐怖电影看恐怖的动物，但是她都想动手去摸，没有感到害怕和恐惧，只是感到惊奇和有点厌恶，因此，研究人员就确定扁桃腺是来控制人的害怕的感官，它在人的身体中是很重要的。当然对此还有的人提出了不同的观点。
小题1:细节理解题。根据she’s fearless because she happens to be missing part of her brain: the amygdala(扁桃腺).因为她没有了控制人们害怕的扁桃腺，所以她没有感到害怕，故选D。
小题2:细节理解题。根据To try to understand how the amygdala works, a team of researchers made their efforts to scare SM.研究人员为了找到特殊的器官的功能，故选A。
小题3:细节理解题。根据SM reported feeling surprised or disgusted, but never fearful.她从来没有感到害怕只是感到厌恶和吃惊，故选B。
小题4:细节理解题。A.Indifferent中立的； B. Supportive支持的； C. Disapproving不赞成的； D. Interested感兴趣的。根据“I don’t believe you can make a general statement about what the amygdala does by a single case study,” Elizabeth Phelps said.他不赞成这个观点，他认为这是一个特例，故选C。
小题5:推理判断题。根据It is quite remarkable that she is still alive,可以推出不害怕也不行，害怕的感觉对人也是很重要的，故选D。
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举一反三
As we get older, the fear of not having a good memory grows for many people. A lot of people 48 that the loss of memory can be the sign of Alzheimer’s(老年痴呆症).
It is true that as we grow older we are more 49 to develop Alzheimer’s. But with a proper lifestyle that includes a balanced diet and exercise, one can stay mentally 50 into their old age.
There are many causes of memory loss that have nothing to do with Alzheimer’s. As researchers come 51 to understanding Alzheimer’s, the outlook(前景) is 52 for people with this illness. New treatments are becoming available. With improved diagnosis(诊断), medications and treatment, one day we may be able to 53 or even reverse (反转) memory loss as we age.
Memory loss is 54 a topic of concern for people. Having Alzheimer’s can lead to increased dependency on others. Not being able to manage basic daily 55 on your own or even not being able to recognize family members would be a serious hit to anyone. This is why many elderly people often have questions and concerns.
| 小题1: | | A．worry | B．guess | C．insist | D．suggest |
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| 小题2: | | A．eager | B．nervous | C．likely | D．ready |
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| 小题3: | | A．healthy | B．honest | C．brave | D．kind |
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| 小题4: | | A．faster | B．slower | C．farther | D．closer |
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| 小题5: | | A．reducing | B．ending | C．improving | D．waiting |
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| 小题6: | | A．make | B．take | C．prevent | D．protect |
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| 小题7: | | A．also | B．still | C．ever | D．even |
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| 小题8: | | A．activities | B．news | C．meals | D．drinks |
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Many people work best later in the morning. This is because the body’s temperature takes time to rise through the day. Taking a warm shower when you wake up can help your body’s temperature rise quickly.
But everyone’s body clock is different and some are special. Morning people will get up early and
work better early in the day. Evening people will work later but work better towards the end of the day. Research shows that we’re better at some activities at certain times of the day. Physical performance is at its best between 3 pm and 6 pm, so it’s better to exercise later in the day.
Between noon and 4 pm, people begin to pay less attention. This is because we think less quickly
after a big meal. Research also shows we become sleepy around 2 pm. This is why people in Spain take a short sleep in early afternoon. Finally, it is best to eat when we’re active. This allows our body
to burn calories better and stops our blood sugar levels from getting too high.
小题1:__________ can tell us what time of day we can perform best at.| A．Morning people | B．A warm shower | | C．Our body temperature. | D．Our body clock |
小题2:A morning people will ________.| A．get later but work better | | B．work better early in the day. | | C．only work in the morning | | D．go to bed late every night. |
小题3:What is the best time for physical performance? | A．Between 3 pm and 6 pm | B．Between 7 pm and 10 pm. | | C．Between noon and 4 pm | D．Between 5 pm and 8 pm. |
小题4:Why is it best to eat when we’re active? | A．Because eating makes the brain unable to think quickly. | | B．Because it makes our blood sugar levels higher. | | C．Because our body can burn more calories. | | D．Because we are allowed to eat then. |
小题5:What is the best title for this article? | A．How can we work better | | B．The best time to exercise | | C．How can we keep healthy | | D．The perfect time to do something |
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1. How many times did you brush your teeth yesterday?
Finding：A full 33% of seniors brush their teeth only once a day.
Step：Remove the 300 types of bacteria in your mouth each morning with a battery-operated toothbrush.
Brush gently for 2 minutes, at least twice a day.
2. How many times did you wash your hands or bathe yesterday?
Finding：Seniors, on average, bathe fewer than 3 days a week. And nearly 30% wash their hands only 4 times a day----half of the number doctors recommend.
Step：We touch our faces around 3,000 times a day-often inviting germs(病菌)to enter our mouth, nose, and eyes. Use toilet paper to avoid touching the door handle. And, most important, wash your hands often with hot running water and soap for 20 seconds.
3. How often do you think about fighting germs?
Finding：Seniors are not fighting germs as well as they should.
Step：Be aware of germs. Do you know it is not your toilet but your kitchen sponge(海绵)that can carry more germs than anything else? To kill these germs, keep your sponge in the microwave for 10 seconds.
小题1:What is found out American seniors?| A．Most of then have good habits. | | B．Nearly 30% of then bathe three days a week. | | C．About one third of them brush their teeth only once a day | | D．All of then are fighting germs better than expected.. |
小题2:Doctors suggest that people should wash their hands .| A．eight times a day | B．three times a day | | C．four times a day | D．twice a day |
小题3:Which of the following is true according to the text?| A．We should keep from touching our faces. | | B．There are less than 300 types of bacteria in the mouth. | | C．A kitchen sponge can carry more germs than a toilet. | | D．We should wash our hands before touching a door handle. |
小题4:The text probably comes from .| A．a guide book | B．a popular magazine | | C．a book review | D．an official document |
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FDA proposed the most sweeping food safety rules in decades, requiring farmers and food companies to be more cautious in the wake of deadly outbreaks in peanuts, cantaloupe (瓜），and leafy greens.
The long-overdue regulations are aimed at reducing the estimated 3,000 deaths a year from foodbome illness. Just since last summer, outbreaks of listeria (李氏杆菌）in cheese and salmonella(沙门氏菌）in peanut butter, cantaloupe and mangoes have been linked to more than 400 illnesses and as many as seven deaths, according to the Centers for Disease Control. The actual number of those sickened is likely much higher.
The FDA’s proposed rules would require farmers to take new precautions against contamination (污染）,to include making sure workers5 hands are washed, irrigation (灌溉） water is clean, and that animals stay out of fields. Food manufacturers will have to submit food safety plans to the government to show they are keeping their operations clean.
Many responsible food companies and farmers are already following the steps that the FDA would now require them to take. But officials say the requirements could have saved lives and prevented illnesses in some of the large-scale outbreaks that have hit the country in recent years.
In a 2011 outbreak of listeria in cantaloupe that claimed 33 lives ，for example, FDA inspectors found pools of dirty water on the floor and old, dirty processing equipment at the Colorado farm where the cantaloupes were grown. In a peanut butter outbreak this year linked to 42 salmonella illnesses ，inspectors found samples of salmonella throughout a New Mexico peanut processing plant and multiple obvious safety problems ，such as birds flying over uncovered trucks of peanuts and employees not washing their hands.
Under the new rules, companies would have to lay out plans for preventing those sorts of problems and how they would correct them.
“The rules go very directly to preventing the types of outbreaks we have seen/，said Michael Taylor, FDA’s deputy commissioner for foods.
小题1:The main task of FDA is probably______| A．to protect and promote the public health | | B．to help those sickened recover | | C．to research on food safety measures | | D．to deal with water pollution |
小题2:According to the passage, the new rules focus on_____.| A．inspecting the whole process of food production | | B．improving food processing equipment on farms | | C．preventing water pollution in food production | | D．urging food companies to lay out plans |
小题3:What does the word “they” in Paragraph 3 refer to?| A．Inspectors. | B．Farmers | | C．Manufacturers. | D．Workers. |
小题4:Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?| A．The new regulations should have come into practice earlier. | | B．The 2011 outbreak of listeria is the most serious ever. | | C．Farmers and food companies are strongly against the new rules. | | D．Colorado and New Mexico are worst hit by food pollution. |
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Cutting global warming pollution would not only make the planet healthier, it would make people healthier too, new research suggested.
Cutting carbon dioxide emissions could save millions of lives, mostly by reducing preventable deaths from heart and lung diseases, according to studies released Wednesday and published in a special issue of The Lancet, a British medical journal.
"Relying on fossil fuels leads to unhealthy lifestyles, increasing our chances of getting sick and in some cases takes years from our lives," US Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius said in a telecast briefing from her home state of Kansas. "As greenhouse gas emissions go down, so do deaths from cardiovascular（心血管） and respiratory（呼吸道） diseases. This is not a small effect."
Instead of looking at the health ills caused by future global warming, as past studies have done, this research looks at the immediate benefits of doing something about the problem, said Linda Birnbaum, director of the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Some possible benefits seemed highly speculative, the researchers conceded, based on people driving less and walking and cycling more. Other proposals studied were more concrete and achievable, such as reducing cook stoves that burn dung（粪便）, charcoal and other polluting fuels in the developing world.
And cutting carbon dioxide emissions also makes the air cleaner, reducing lung damage for millions of people, doctors said.
"Here are ways you can attack major health problems at the same time as dealing with climate change," said lead author Dr. Paul Wilkinson, an environmental epidemiologist at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Wilkinson said the individual studies came up with numbers of premature deaths prevented or extra years of life added for certain places.
For example, switching to low-polluting cars in London and Delhi, India, would save 160 lost years of life in London and nearly 1,700 in Delhi for every million residents, one study found. But if people also drove less and walked or biked more, those extra saved years would soar to more than 7,300 years in London and 12,500 years in Delhi because of less heart disease.
小题1:What does the passage mainly talk about? _______.| A．How can people live longer? | | B．Cutting carbon dioxide emissions saves lives. | | C．Global warming threatens people’s lives. | | D．People should stop relying on fossil fuels. |
小题2:The new research differs from past studies in that _______.| A．it focuses on the immediate benefits of cutting carbon dioxide emissions | | B．it studies the bad effects arising from future global warming | | C．it is believed by more people | | D．it mainly targets at developing countries |
小题3:According to Kathleen Sebelius, _______.| A．sometimes it takes years to see the bad effects caused by consuming fossil fuels | | B．without greenhouse gas emissions, people would not die of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases | | C．the main reason why people get sick is that they rely on fossil fuels | | D．deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are closely related to greenhouse gas emissions |
小题4: Which of the following is the most practical way to cut carbon dioxide emissions according to the passage? _________.| A．Driving less | | B．Walking and cycling as much as possible. | | C．Stopping using fossil fuels | | D．Reducing the use of polluting fuels to cook. |
小题5:It can be inferred from the passage that _____.| A．London and Delhi have already benefited from reducing greenhouse gas emissions | | B．switching to low-polluting cars would save 160 lives in London each year | | C．walking and biking instead of driving will reduce the chance of heart disease | | D．attacking health problems and dealing with climate change are contradictory |
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