Babies born in summer are more likely to become short-sighted in late life, a st
题型：不详难度：来源：
As many as a quarter of all cases of short-sightedness are caused by too great an exposure to sunlight in the first weeks of life, say eye experts.
They are advising all parents to put sunglasses on their babies during the first weeks.
Scientists had already established that over-exposure to sunlight caused short-sightedness in animals.
Researchers who compared the months in which babies were born with whether they needed glasses later on say the principle also applies to humans.
A study of almost 300,000 young adults─the largest of its kind─showed that those born in June and July had a 25 per cent greater chance of becoming severely short-sighted than those born in December or January. Research leader Professor Michael Belkin, of Tel Aviv University, said it was because prolonged illumination(光照) causes the eyeball to lengthen, causing short-sightedness.
Hence the more light a newborn is exposed to, the more the eyeball lengthens and the worse the short-sightedness will be.
The mechanism which lengthens the eyeball is associated with levels of melatonin(褪黑激素), a pigment (色素) which protects the skin against harmful rays of the sun.
In young babies not enough melatonin is released as protection, meaning they are more vulnerable to sunburn and changes to eyeball shape.
Sight expert Professor Daniel O’Leary, of Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge, said “At the moment we don’t know the precise cause of why light exposure affects sight, but the evidence seems to prove that it is one of the reasons for people becoming short-sighted.”
55.Babies born in summer are more likely to be short-sighted ____________.
A. because the summer sun is too strong for babies
B. because babies born in summer have lengthened eyeballs
C. if they are exposed to much sunlight in the first weeks after they are born
D. if parents don’t know a proper way to protect their babies’ eyes
56.Melatonin is a kind of material to ___________.
A. prevent the eyes from becoming near-sighted
B. protect the skin from harmful sun rays
C. make our body strong
D. protect babies’ eyes from summer sun
57. From what Professor Daniel O’Leary says we can conclude that ___________.
A. there is no evidence that short-sightedness is related to exposure to sunlight
B. whether light exposure affects sight still needs to be further proved
C. he believes that light exposure can cause short-sightedness
D. he tries to give the cause of why light exposure affects sight
58. The underlined word “vulnerable” in the passage probably means __________.
A. easy to be harmed B. resistant
C. protective D. changeable
答案
解析
举一反三
Tens of thousands of vegetables, fruits and flowers were used to construct a giant 2,000-square-foot lunch invitation in London’s Convent Garden. More than 9,000 cauliflowers and 800 bananas were used.
According to the organizers, people who decide to take part in the activity will get support from large companies which will supply many of the necessities, including plants to be given out to people to grow. The organizers think that the Big Lunch is a great opportunity for people to get together and spend time with their neighbors, friends and families. Events like this also help build strong communities. People can show their talents, get over their embarrassment, shake hands and get to know their neighbors, and realize that the neighborhood where they live can be a great source of happiness and enjoyment.
The Eden Project’s leader, Tim Smith, says, “It’s a good way to face this recession. Imagine a day on which millions of us, throughout the UK, sit down to have lunch together with our neighbors in the middle of our streets, around our tower blocks, and on every patch of common ground. We’ll have cooked our own food, made our own entertainment, and created our own decorations. It will be a day to share bread with our neighbors, and put a smile on Britain’s face.”
62. The Big Lunch aims to _____.
A. persuade people to eat healthy food B. encourage people to cook at home
C. help poor people in the community D. develop community spirit
63. Which of the following is false?
A. Large companies will give participants enough money to hold the lunch parties.
B. The Big Lunch may be a good opportunity to show talents and make friends.
C. The Big Lunch is a nationwide activity designed by The Eden Project.
D. The giant lunch invitation in London used a lot of vegetables, fruits and flowers.
64. Big Lunch is a good opportunity for people to _____.
A. enjoy free food B. have fun with neighbors and families
C. shop on the street D. eat without cooking
65. The underlined word “recession” in the last paragraph probably means_____.
A. nice environment B. grand ceremony
C. rapid progress D. economic decline
Our sense of smell, which we normally take for granted, is nowadays being increasingly used for purposes which might surprise us if we realized them.
One area in which smells are created to achieve particular results is marketing. For some time producers have taken advantage of our sense of smell with regard to household goods.
When pleasant smells are passed through a store’s air conditioning system, people tend to spend more time in the store and buy more. For example, the smell of chocolate is used in sweet stores, while the smell of leather and perfume are used in clothes stores.
In a test, people looked at the same types of shoes in two rooms—one filled with purified air, the other with a smell of mixed flowers. Eighty-four percent of the people preferred the shoes in the room with the smell of flowers. In fact, many said they would have paid up to US $ 10 more for a pair.
Smells also have other uses. Research has shown that certain smells can help to calm anxious people and increase their feeling of safety. Smells such as that of flowers and pine forests might therefore be used to relax patients in doctors’ and dentists’ waiting rooms, and to make the environment more pleasant and less stressful to them.
Some companies are experimenting with different smells to produce different efferent effects on their workers according to the time of day.
For example, early in the morning they might put the smell of lemon in the air conditioning system to wake people up. In the middle of the morning, when the atmosphere tends to become more tense, the smell of wood could be used to calm people down. Before lunchtime the smell of melting butter would encourage people to go to lunch on time. After lunch, when people often begin to lose attention, the smell of mint would increase their watchfulness.
While some of these uses of smells may e helpful and effective, not everyone would agree with their use to control customers in stores. It has been suggested by consumers’ organizations that one way to avoid this new subconscious（无意识）pressure to buy is to go shopping when people are less likely to be influenced by smells.
小题1:We can conclude from the text that
| A．smells are widely used in different shops | B．different smells can keep people feel happy |
| C．smells are effective if used in suitable cases | D．hospitals take advantages of the sense of smell |
小题3:The 4th paragraph proves that
| A．pleasant smells attract people’s attention to stores |
| B．people prefer the shoes with the smell of different flowers |
| C．right smells increase people’s view of the value of a product |
| D．people want to pay more money because of good smells |
| A．patients | B．doctors | C．smells | D．waiting rooms |
Not so long ago, if you avoided drinking water during a workout（训练）, you were considered tough. Today, most experts 36 , you would be considered unintelligent.
Even in you don’t sweat much or feel 37 and even if there is a nice breeze, 38 experts say drinking water- or something 39 is necessary before, during and after all warmer-weather 40 .
Only a few years ago, many coaches 41 players from drinking anything during the game----they thought it was 42 for them to rinse(漱口) their mouths, 43 swallowing anything might slow them down.
Now, there’s 44 plenty of water on the sidelines for athletes to drink. The National Hockey League even 45 goalkeepers to put water bottles on top of their nets.
These new practices 46 be lost on the recreation(消遣) athlete. Some 47 advise you to drink about two cups of water 15 minutes or so after you 48 exercising and the same amount every 15 minutes. In some types of exercises-running, for example-others encourage drinking a cup or two of water 49 the workout.
Don’t drink any more, experts say too much fluid makes 50 and exercise uncomfortable. In 51 continuous hot-weather exercise, 52 can sweat and breathe away 1.8 kilograms of 53 an hour.
Drinking water does two things: restore some 54 and allow you to keep sweating so the skin can be kept 55 . Doctors say drinking six or eight cups a day can help digestion.
36. A. discover B. suggest C. agree D. fear
37. A. thirsty B. hungry C. hot D. tired
38. A. labour B. children C. water D. exercise
39. A. else B. instead C. fresh D. tasteful
40. A. seasons B. lessons C. days D. activities
41. A. excused B. discouraged C. prevented D. saved
42. A. possible B. unnecessary C. difficult D. right
43. A. but B. then C. therefore D. though
44. A. seldom B. forever C. usually D. sometimes
45. A. allows B. promises C. forbids D. guides
46. A. couldn’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t
47. A. teachers B. parents C. players D. doctors
48. A. stop B. start C. give up D. begin with
49. A. after B. before C. with D. from
50. A. walking B. breathing C. swallowing D. drinking
51. A. heavy B. easy C. pleasant D. everyday
52. A. a patient B. a drinker C. an athlete D. an expert
53. A. air B. atmosphere C. oxygen D. water
54. A. sweat B. weight C. breath D. height
55. A. warm B. strong C. cool D. safe
If you"re 70 and overweight, you may live longer
A few extra pounds might help you live longer if you"re past your prime(壮年) but otherwise healthy, a new study finds.
Physicians routinely follow guidelines issued by the World Health Organization. Because weight depends on height, they use a standard measure called body mass index (BMI), which is calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared.
Healthy weight is defined as a BMI anywhere between 18.5 and 24.9 in adults, whereas 25 to 29.9 is overweight and 30+ is obese.
The new study suggests that in the elderly, these boundaries may be too narrow. While no one is questioning that extra fat poses health risks in young and middle-aged adults, it may reduce the impact of frailty and old age, geriatrician(老年医学专家) Dr. Thomas Yoshikawa told Reuters Health.
So far, nobody knows exactly how BMI affects lifespan in older people. Some researchers speculate that it acts as an energy reserve that can help the elderly cope with illness.
For the study, Australian researchers followed more than 9,000 men and women who were between 70 and 75 years old at the beginning. The participants reported their height and weight as well as various factors related to health and lifestyle. About 33 percent of the women and 44 percent of the men were overweight.
Over 10 years, more than 2,000 of the participants died. Women who had an active life and didn"t smoke were the most likely to be alive at the end of the study.
But neither health nor lifestyle could fully explain why overweight people of both sexes survived longer than their normal-weight peers, who fared no better than obese individuals. In terms of survival, the best BMI was between 26 and 27, well within the overweight range.
The new results agree with earlier research showing that fat may be beneficial in old age.
1．We can learn from the passage that_________．
A. the heavier one is, the better
B. we shouldn’t lose weight when old
C. one should keep his weight within the recommended range
D. we shouldn’t worry about our weight if we are slightly fatter than normal when old
2．According to the passage, if a person is 1.5 metres in height and 67.5 kg in weight, his BMI is________.
A．30 B．25 C．45 D． 28
3. What does the author want to tell us most?
A. Fatness has little to do with diseases in old age.
B. Fatness is not always bad.
C. Fatness may be beneficial instead of harmful in old age.
D. Overweight people of both sexes survive longer than their normal-weight peers.
II. 完形填空
Sometimes a small thing during your childhood can leave a lasting impression. The event happened one day when we were having 16 after shopping. I was glad to see there were so many 17 dishes on the table except for a plate of peas.
I can’t 18 why so many people like to eat peas. But I do not like peas at all.
“Eat your peas,” my grandmother said. “Mother,” said my mother in her 19 voice, “he doesn’t like peas.” My grandmother did not 20 , but there was something in her eyes that 21 she was not going to 22 . She said slowly but firmly, “I’ll pay you five dollars if you eat those peas.” I didn’t know what to do then. I only knew that five dollars was a good amount of money. I began to 23 the awful things down my throat.
With a 24 smile on her face, Grandmother said, “I can do what I want to, Ellen, and you can’t 25 me.” My mother glared at me. No one can glare like my mother. The glares made me nervous, and every single pea made me want to 26 . Finally I swallowed the last pea. My grandmother 27 me the five dollars with a smile. 28 , my mother continued to glare 29 .
That night, at dinner, my mother 30 two of my all-time favorite dishes, beef and potatoes. Along with them 31 a big, steaming bowl of peas. She offered me some peas, and I 32 ， “Mum, I don’t like peas,” I said.
“You ate them for 33 ,” she said. “You can also eat them for love.” “But, I ...” What could I say to refuse my mother? There was 34 . I had no choice but to eat the peas. The five dollars were quickly 35 . But the story of the peas lives on to this day.
16. A. tea B. lunch C. coffee D. supper
17. A. delicious B. perfect C. expensive D. colorful
18. A. believe B. agree C. understand D. forgive
19. A. violent B. angry C. unattractive D. warning
20. A. analyze B. reply C. insist D. resist
21. A. proved B. suggested C. wondered D. advised
22. A. give up B. give in C. allow for D. leave alone
23. A. conduct B. digest C. absorb D. force
44. A. greedy B. disappointed C. satisfied D. sensitive25. A. prevent B. master C. scare D. arrange
26. A. put forward B. set out C. throw up D.break through
27. A. spared B. borrowed C. showed D. handed
28. A. But B. However C. So D. Though
29. A. in silence B. with excitement
C. in surprise D.with doubt
30. A. chose B. gathered C. served D. ordered
31. A. arrived B. appeared C. came D. went
32. A. smiled B. refused C. accepted D. admitted
33. A. Grandmother B. lunch C. Mother D. money
34. A. no one B. nothing C. anything D. everything
35. A. saved B. used C. spent D. lost
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