All of us eat every day, but most of us don’t understand nutrition(营养). How much
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All of us eat every day, but most of us don’t understand nutrition(营养). How much do you know about good nutrition? Are the following statements true or false?
1. People who don’t eat meat can stay healthy.
True. As long as people eat enough milk, eggs and meat alternates(替代物), they can get enough protein.
2. Fresh vegetables cooked at home are always more nutritious than canned vegetables.
False. The difference depends more on how vegetables are prepared than whether they are fresh or canned. Vegetables cooked in too much water can lose a large quantity of vitamins.
3. Food eaten between meals can be just as good for health as food eaten at regular meals.
True. Nutritional value depends on what types of food you eat, not when you eat them. Eating an egg or an orange between meals can contribute to a good diet.
4. Taking extra vitamins beyond the recommended daily allowances won’t give you more energy.
True. It’s widely believed that extra vitamins provide more energy. But taking more than the baby needs doesn’t make it function better, just as overfilling your gas tank doesn’t make your car run better.
5. Natural vitamins are better supplements(补充)for the diet than synthetic vitamins.
False. There is no difference. A vitamin has the same properties(性质)and specific chemical structure whether made in a laboratory or taken from plant or animal parts.
6. Older people need the same amount of vitamins as younger people.
True. Older people need the same quantity of vitamins as younger people although they need fewer calories. Certain illnesses raise the requirements for some vitamins, but that is true for the young as well as the old.
7. Food grown in poor soil is lower in vitamins than food grown in rich sold.
False. The vitamins in our foods are made by the plants themselves. They don’t come from the soil.
However, the minerals in a plant depend on the minerals in the soil.
If you have answered these questions correctly, you can say you know much about food and nutrition by today’s standards. But remember that nutrition is a growing science and that may be aged as new information is obtained.
小题1:The main purpose of the passage is to .| A．list today’s standards of some food and nutrition | | B．introduce what should be eaten and what not | | C．explain what is helpful to your health and what is not | | D．test our nutrition IQ by judging the problems listed |
小题2:From the surrounding words and sentences we know that the underlined phrase “contribute to” means .| A．help to bring about | B．take the place of | | C．make room for | D．turn to |
小题3:The underlined word “synthetic” most probably means in Chinese. |
答案
小题1:A
小题2:A
小题3:C |
解析
试题分析：文章大意：我们每天都吃饭，但绝大多数人并不懂营养学。本文列举了今天一些食物和营养的标准。
小题1:主旨大意题。根据文章大意：我们每天都吃饭，但绝大多数人并不懂营养学。本文列举了今天一些食物和营养的标准。故A正确。
小题2:词义推测题。根据文章Eating an egg or an orange between meals can contribute to a good diet.可知contribute to为“带来”之意。故A正确。
小题3:词义推测题。根据文章中Natural vitamins are better supplements(补充)for the diet than synthetic vitamins.可以推测出synthetic为“合成的”之意。故C正确。 |
举一反三
The health of millions could be at risk because medicinal plants are being used up.These plants are used to make traditional medicine，including drugs to fight cancer.“The loss of medicinal plants is a quiet disaster，”says Sara Oldfield，secretary general of the NGO Botanic Gardens Conservation International.
Most people worldwide (including 80 percent of all Africans)rely on herbal medicines(草药)which are got mostly from wild plants.But some 15,000 of the 50,000 medicinal species are under threat of dying out，according to a report from the international conversation group Plantlife.Shortages have been reported in China，India，Kenya，Nepal，Tanzania and Uganda.
Overharvesting does the most harm，though pollution and competition from invasive(侵略性的)species are both responsible.“Businessmen generally harvest medicinal plants，not caring about sustain ability，”the Plantlife report says.“Damage is serious partly because they have no idea of it，but it is mainly because such collection is unorganized.” Medicinal trees at risk include the Himalayan yew and the African cherry，which are used to treat some cancers.
The solution，says the report"s author，Alan Hamilton，is to encourage local people to protect these plants.Ten projects studied by Plantlife in India，Pakistan，China，Nepal，Uganda and Kenya showed this method can succeed.In Uganda the project has kept a sustainable supply of lowcost cancer treatments，and in China a public run medicinal plant project has been created for the first time.
“Improving health，earning an income and keeping cultural traditions are important in encouraging people to protect medicinal plants，”says Hamilton.“You have to pay attention to what people are interested in.” Ghillean Prance，the former director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London，agrees that medicinal plants are in need of protection.
“Not nearly enough is being done，”he told New Scientist.“We are destroying the very plants that are of most use to us.”
小题1:What is the passage mainly about?| A．The function of medicinal plants. | | B．The importance of traditional medicine. | | C．More and more people rely on herbal medicines. | | D．The dangerous situation of medicinal plants and ways of protecting them. |
小题2:Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?| A．About 30% of medicinal species are at risk of dying out. | | B．Medicinal plants are mainly used to treat cancers. | | C．80% of African countries are reported to be short of medicinal plants. | | D．The problem of the loss of medicinal plants appeared suddenly. |
小题3:What contributes most to the loss of medicinal plants?| A．A lack of knowledge of sustainability. | | B．Invasion by other species. | | C．Environmental pollution. | | D．Improper harvesting. |
小题4:What is a useful method of protecting medicinal plants?| A．Improving people"s health. | | B．Letting people earn more. | | C．Working together with the government. | | D．Persuading the locals to protect them. |
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NEW YORK (Reuters Health)—Kids who eat better perform better in school, a new study of Nova Scotia fifthgraders confirms.
Students who ate an adequate amount of fruit，vegetables，protein，fiber and other components of a healthy diet were significantly less likely to fail a literacy test，Dr.Paul J．Veugelers of the University of Alberta in Edmonton and colleagues found.
While a healthy diet is generally assumed to be important for good school performance, there has actually been little research on this topic, Veugelers and his colleagues note.To investigate，they looked at 4, 589 fifthgraders participating in the Children"s Lifestyle and Schoolperformance Study, 875 (19.1 percent) of whom had failed an elementary literacy assessment.
The better a student"s eating habits based on several measures of diet quality，including adequacy and variety, the less likely he or she was to have failed the test, the researchers found，even after they adjusted the data for the effects of parental income and education, school and sex.Eating plenty of fruit and vegetables, and getting fewer calories from fat, was also associated with a lower risk of failing the test.
To date, Veugelers and his team say, most research on diet and school performance has focused on the importance of eating breakfast, as well as the ill effects of hunger and malnutrition(营养不良)．
“This study extends current knowledge in this area by demonstrating the independent importance of overall diet quality to academic performance.We should not only realize the importance of children"s nutrition at breakfast but also that throughout the day，” the researchers conclude.
Another research from the UK is suggesting that children"s diets in the preschool years affects how they perform at school later on.The researchers from the Institute of Education, at the University of London say in fact that what children were eating in those days before primary school has more of an effect than the chicken nuggets(块) they ate at lunchtime.The researchers say they have found that children who ate a diet of “junk food” at the age of three, made less progress in school between the ages of six and ten.They say children"s diet at later ages appears to have less impact on their school attainment.
小题1:．According to Dr.Paul J．Veugelers, students who have a healthy diet________.| A．are more likely to fail in their school performance | | B．definitely can perform better in their school work | | C．usually have more of fat and less of fruit and vegetables | | D．tend to perform better in their school work |
小题2:．It can be implied from the passage that________.| A．little research has been done on the importance of breakfast | | B．most students participating in the research failed the test | | C．the adequacy and variety of foods can mean better school performance | | D．eating more chicken nuggets leads to good school performance |
小题3:．The underlined word “literacy” (in Para.2) probably refers to ________.| A．the ability to read and write | | B．a guessing game | | C．the art of painting | | D．the ability to handle practical task |
小题4:．Which of the following statements is TRUE?| A．Children should have more“junk food”at lunch time. | | B．Preschool diets can have more impact on children"s school work. | | C．A child who often has“junk food”at 3 is bound to fail in school work. | | D．The older a child is，the more impact of what he eats has on school work. |
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When several different people look at the same person，it"s not unusual for each of them to see different things；when you alone observe one behavior or one person at two different times，you may see different things.The following are but some of the factors that lead to these changing perceptions(感知认可)．
(1)Each person"s perceptions of others are formed by his or her own cultural conditioning education，and personal experiences.
(2)Sometimes perceptions differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we"ve observed.It is not necessarily true that person"s perception is based on observations of a particular person.Your observations may be totally controlled by what others have told you about this person；or you may focus (聚集)primarily on the situation or role relationship.Most people do not use the same yardstick(标准)to measure their parents，their friends and strangers.
(3)Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don"t see what may be obvious to others because of our own needs，desires，or temporary emotional states.This is a process known as selective perception.Selective perception is obviously more difficult when contradictory (矛盾的)information is particularly obvious，but it can be done.We can ignore(忽视)the “stimulus”．He"s basically a good boy so what I saw was not shoplifting.
We can reduce the importance of the contradictory information—All kids(孩子)get into mischief(顽皮)．Taking a book from the bookstore isn"t such a big deal.“We can change the meaning of the contradictory information.” It wasn"t shoplifting because he was going to pay for it later.
小题1:The first factor given by the author that affects our perception is ________.| A．the abilities of one"s auditory (听觉的)and visual (视觉的)sensors | | B．cultural background and personal experiences | | C．experiences one learns from others | | D．critical measures taken by other people |
小题2:While observing a particular person，________.| A．one is likely to take all aspects(方面)to consideration | | B．one pays more attention to his/her advantages | | C．children often differ from grownups in perception | | D．one tends to choose certain cues(提示)to look for |
小题3:Observation of the same person by two people at the same time may differ because ________.| A．their measuring yardsticks are not the same | | B．either of them may be slow to catch information | | C．the time for observation is not long enough | | D．each of them uses different language to express his/her impressions |
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As researchers learn more about how children"s intelligence develops, they are increasingly surprised by the power of parents.The power of the school has been replaced by the home.To begin with, all the factors which are part of intelligence—the child"s understanding of language，learning patterns, curiosity—are established well before the child enters school at the age of six.Study after study has shown that even after school begins, children"s achievements have been far more influenced by parents than by teachers.This is particularly true about learning that is languagerelated.The school rather than the home is given credit for variations in achievement in subjects such as science.
In view of their power, it"s sad to see so many parents not making the most of their child"s intelligence.Until recently parents had been warned by educators who asked them not to educate their children.Many teachers now realize that children cannot be educated only at school and parents are being asked to contribute both before and after the child enters school.
Parents have been particularly afraid to teach reading at home.Of course，children shouldn"t be pushed to read by their parents, but educators have discovered that reading is best taught individually—and the easiest place to do this is at home.Many fourand fiveyearolds who have been shown a few letters and taught their sounds will compose single words of their own with them even before they have been taught to read.
小题1:What have researchers found out about the influence of parents and the school on children"s intelligence?| A．Parents have greater influence than the school. | | B．The school plays a greater role than parents. | | C．Parents and the school have the equal power. | | D．Neither parents nor the school has any influence. |
小题2:Researchers conclude that________.A．it is with the help of the teachers that children have an understanding of
language | | B．curiosity is formed after the children enter school | | C．children"s learning patterns are developed at the early age | | D．only the school can give children the opportunity to make achievements |
小题3:According to the text, in which area may school play a more important role?| A．Moral education. | B．Language education. | | C．Physical education. | D．Science education. |
小题4:Many parents fail to make the most of their children"s intelligence because
________.| A．they usually push the children to read at home | | B．they only teach them after they enter school | | C．they teach them in a wrong way at home | | D．they were told by educators not to teach their children |
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With petroleum reserves (石油储量) decreasing，the search is on to replace gas with a cleaner，greener alternative.Though much eco－talk has centered on biofuels from corn and soybeans，the biofuel that looks more likely to replace petroleum comes from a most unlikely source：algae (藻类)．
Algae，like corn，soybeans，and other crops，grow via photosynthesis (光合作用) and can be processed into fuel oil.However，they yield 30 times more energy than land crops such as soybeans，according to the U．S.Department of Energy.Many algae species also can grow in saltwater and polluted water－while corn and soy require arable land and fresh water that will be in short supply as the world"s population balloons.
“If you replaced all the diesel (柴油) in the U．S.with soy biodiesel，it would take half the land mass of the U．S.to grow those soybeans，”says Matt Caspari，chief executive of Aurora Biofuels，a Berkeley，Calif.－based private firm that specializes in algae oil technology.On the other hand，the Energy Department says that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States，it would require 15,000 square miles，which is a few thousand miles larger that Maryland (12,407 square miles)，the 42nd state in land area.
Another bonus：Because algae can be grown just about anywhere in a closed space，they "re being tested at several power plants across the nation as a carbon absorber.Smokestack emissions (烟囱排放物) can be pumped directly into the ponds，feeding the algae while keeping greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere.
Although processing technology for algae fuel—also known as “oilgae” in some environmentalist circles—is improving，it"s still years away from reaching your local gas pump.“It"s just a question of cost，because no large－scale facilities have been built yet，” Caspari says.
小题1:The underlined word “yield” in Paragraph 2 can be replaced by “________”．| A．control | B．require | | C．produce | D．grow |
小题2:Compared with corn and soybeans，algae ________.| A．may pollute water and soil | | B．can grow in poor conditions | | C．provide much less energy | | D．need more special care |
小题3:According to Paragraph 3，one of the advantages of algae fuel is that ________.| A．it can be used more widely | | B．it is more easy to produce | | C．it needs much less land | | D．it costs much less money |
小题4:What do we learn about algae from Paragraph 4?| A．Algae help protect the environment. | | B．People can grow algae anywhere. | | C．Fish can get more oxygen from algae. | | D．Algae produce less waste. |
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