Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of st
题型：不详难度：来源：
Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to (符合) the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and you’ll get a completely different impression. For a start, you will now see plenty more women—the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, for example, boasts that 40% of its new enrolment is female. You will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and nationals of practically every country.
It might be tempting, therefore, to think that the old barriers have been broken down and equal opportunity achieved. But, increasingly, this apparent diversity (多样化) is becoming a mask for a new type of conformity. Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set of clones among the business leaders of the future.
Diversity, it seems, has not helped to address fundamental weaknesses in business leadership. So what can be done to create more effective managers of the commercial world? According to Valerie Gauthier, associate dean at HEC Paris, the key lies in the process by which MBA programmes recruit (招聘) their students. At the moment candidates are selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria such as prior (以前的) academic and career performance, and analytical and problem solving abilities. This is then coupled to a school’s picture of what a diverse class should look like, with the result that passport, ethnic origin and sex can all become influencing factors. But schools rarely dig down to find out what really makes an applicant succeed, to create a class which also contains diversity of attitude and approach—arguably the only diversity that, in a business context, really matters.
Professor Gauthier believes schools should not just be selecting candidates from traditional sectors such as banking, consultancy and industry. They should also be seeking individuals who have backgrounds in areas such as political science, the creative arts, history or philosophy, which will allow them to put business decisions into a wider context.
Indeed, there does seem to be a demand for the more rounded leaders such diversity might create. A study by Mannaz, a leadership development company, suggests that, while the bully-boy chief executive of old may not have been eradicated (根除) completely, there is a definite shift in emphasis towards less tough styles of management—at least in America and Europe. Perhaps most significant, according to Mannaz, is the increasing interest large companies have in more collaborative (合作的) management models, such as those prevalent (流行的) in Scandinavia, which seek to integrate the hard and soft aspects of leadership and encourage delegated responsibility and accountability.
小题1:What characterizes the business school student population of today?| A．Greater diversity. | B．Exceptional diligence. | | C．Intellectual maturity. | D．Higher ambition. |
小题2:What is the author’s concern about current business school education?| A．It will arouse students’ unrealistic expectations. | | B．It will produce business leaders of a uniform style. | | C．It focuses on theory rather than on practical skills. | | D．It stresses competition rather than cooperation. |
小题3:What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?| A．Age and educational background. | B．Attitude and approach to business. | | C．Social and professional experience. | D．Ethnic origin and gender. |
小题4:What does Mannaz say about the current management style?| A．It is eradicating the tough aspects of management. | | B．It encourages male and female executives to work side by side. | | C．It adopts the bully-boy chief executive model. | | D．It is shifting towards more collaborative models. |
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答案
小题1:A
小题2:B
小题3:C
小题4:D |
解析
试题分析：文章介绍现在商业学校的学生现在更加的多样化，但是作者担心他们会培养出一样的未来的领导，所以有的专家认为商业学校的学生的多样化应该在于更广泛的社会或专业的经验。
小题1:细节题：从第一段的句子：You will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and nationals of practically every country.可知商业学校的学生现在更加的多样化，选 A
小题2:细节题：从第二段的句子：Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set of clones among the business leaders of the future.可知作者对现在的商业学校的担心是他们培养出一样的未来的领导，选B
小题3:细节题：从倒数第二段的句子：They should also be seeking individuals who have backgrounds in areas such as political science, the creative arts, history or philosophy, which will allow them to put business decisions into a wider context. 可知Valerie Gauthier认为这种多样化应该在于社会或专业的经验。选C
小题4:细节题：从最后一段的句子：Perhaps most significant, according to Mannaz, is the increasing interest large companies have in more collaborative (合作的) management models, 可知Mannaz,认为现在的管理模式朝着更加合作的方式转变，选D |
举一反三
The Healthy Habits Survey (调查) shows that only about one third of American seniors have correct habits. Here are some findings and expert advice.
1. How many times did you brush your teeth yesterday?
Finding: A full 33% of seniors brush their teeth only once a day.
Step: Remove the 300 types of bacteria in your mouth each morning with a battery-operated toothbrush. Brush gently for 2 minutes, at least twice a day.
2. How many times did you wash your hands or bathe yesterday?
Finding: Seniors, on average, bathe fewer than 3 days a week. And nearly 30%wash their hands only 4 times a day-half of the number doctors recommend.
Step: We touch our faces around 3,000 times a day-often inviting germs (病菌) to enter our mouth, nose, and eyes. Use toilet paper to avoid touching the door handle. And, most important, wash your hands often with hot running water and soap for 20 seconds.
3. How often do you think about fighting germs?
Finding: Seniors are not fighting germs as well as they should.
Step: Be aware of germs. Do you know it is not your toilet but your kitchen sponge (海绵) that can carry more germs than anything else? To kill these germs, keep your sponge in the microwave for 10 seconds.
小题1:What is found out about American seniors?| A．Most of them have good habits. | | B．Nearly 30%of them bathe three days a week. | | C．All of them are fighting germs better than expected. | | D．About one third of them brush their teeth only once a day |
小题2:Doctors suggest that people should wash their hands .| A．twice a day | B．three times a day | | C．four times a day | D．eight times a day |
小题3:Which of the following is true according to the text?| A．We should keep from touching our faces. | | B．There are less than 300 types of bacteria in the mouth. | | C．A kitchen sponge can carry more germs than a toilet. | | D．We should wash our hands before touching a door handle. |
小题4:The text probably comes from .| A．a guide book | B．a popular magazine | | C．a book review | D．an official document |
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People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests. The findings, based on performances and self-evaluation by about 275 college students, indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity, but because they are easily distracted and can’t focus on one activity. And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things,” said David Sanbonmatsu, a psychologist at the University of Utah.
Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked, how good they thought they were at it, and how sensation-seeking (寻求刺激) or imperative (冲动) they were. They then evaluated the participants’ multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.
Not surprisingly, the scientists said, most people thought they were better than average at multitasking, and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once. But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test. They also were more likely to admit to sensation-seeking and impulsive behavior, which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.
“People multitask not because it’s going to lead to greater productivity, but because they’re distractible, and they get sucked into things that are not as important.” Sanbonmatsu said.
Adam Gazzaley, a researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not a member of the research group, said one limitation of the study was that it couldn’t find out whether people who start out less focused tend toward multitasking or whether people’s recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.
The findings do suggest, however, why the sensation-seeker who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving. “People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.” said Paul Atchley, another researcher not in the group. “This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though they’re dangerous.”
小题1:The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask __________.| A．seek high productivity constantly | | B．prefer handling different things when getting bored | | C．are more focused when doing many things at a time | | D．have the poorest results in doing various things at the same time |
小题2:When Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues conducted their research, they __________.| A．assessed the multitasking ability of the students | | B．evaluated the academic achievements of the students | | C．analyzed the effects of the participants’ tricky mental tasks | | D．measured the changes of the students’ understanding ability |
小题3:According to Sanbonmatsu, people multitask because of their __________.| A．limited power in calculation | | B．interests in doing things differently | | C．inability to concentrate on one task | | D．impulsive desire to try new things |
小题4:From the last paragraph, we can learn that multitaskers usually __________.| A．drive very skillfully | | B．go in for different tasks | | C．fail to react quickly to potential dangers | | D．refuse to explain the reasons for their behavior |
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I would like to draw your attention to the depressing state of the environment in our city. Increased vehicles have made the air polluted. Citizens find it difficult to breathe. Dumping toxic chemicals into the river has polluted the drinking water and ground water.
All of us, as concerned citizens, have discussed these problems in various meetings. We have come up with the following proposals（提议）.
The green roads are no longer green. Many trees and bushes have been cut. We propose restricting the movement of vehicles. Besides, we should make it compulsory（强制性的）to use anti-pollution devices on all vehicles. We should also plant more plants and trees along roads.
The Bada Nadi River has become a dumping ground of toxic chemicals from some factories. These toxic chemicals have killed nearly all the life in the river and polluted our drinking water and ground water. We propose that the Bada Nadi River be declared a protected water body. All the dumping should be banned and heavy fine should be imposed on the offenders（违法者）. To tackle the problem of managing toxic waste, we propose setting up a water treatment plant so that only clean water is discharged into the river. Cleaning up the river and introducing various fishes and plants to the river will bring it back to life.
Lastly, the noise pollution caused by honking（鸣）horns and blaring loudspeakers has caused distress to one and all. Many people have suffered from noise-related illnesses. We propose a blanket ban on the use of loudspeakers. And“no horn zones”should also be declared in residential hospitals and school areas.
I would request you to seriously consider our proposals and act accordingly.
Thank you!
Sincerely yours,
A kind-hearted citizen
小题1:The author wrote this letter in order to ______.| A．express his/her thanks to the mayor | | B．complain about the environment | | C．share his/her opinions about city life | | D．make his/her suggestions on managing toxic waste |
小题2:In order to protect the Bada Nadi River, the author suggests _______.| A．anti-pollution devices should be used on vehicles | | B．planting more trees and bushes along roads | | C．restricting the movement of vehicles | | D．banning dumping dangerous chemicals into the river |
小题3:The underlined word “tackle”in the fourth paragraph means“_______”.| A．put off | B．deal with | | C．set up | D．turn down |
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Ineffective networkers：
1. Lack patience. They expect immediate results and want business now, not tomorrow.
2. Constantly “selling” something. They see dollar signs every time they shake hands with someone.
3. Too many choices. If they offer a variety of products, they might try too hard to tell about all of them. Offering too much information sends a confusing message making it difficult for people to send referral (指点). Opportunities are all around us but when you"re networking, only focus on one.
4. Change positions too often. If they move from company to company or do something totally different, it might be difficult for people to keep up with them.
5. Lack manners and respect. They interrupt others, talk with food in their mouth, aren"t very polite and appear unprofessional. They call people during dinner or on the weekends without thinking whether the occasion is suitable.
6. Distribute too many cards and sales literature. They come while loading with brochures, flyers (传单), catalogues and samples.
7. Focus on themselves. Too much self promotion can leave the other person to feel unappreciated. Every sentence begins with “I” and is all about their business.
8. “Talking” instead of “giving”. They don"t realize what other people sense when they are being very selfish. Others may think that they are being taken advantage of.
9. Lack authenticity (可靠性) and personal values. They may create unrealistic expectations and not deliver on their promises. Sometimes doing things without integrity (诚实) possibly twists the truth.
10. Poor communication and interpersonal skills. They have trouble speaking effectively, building relationships and following up.
Networking is a process that is an investment of time and money. If you find you"re doing any of these habits, consider learning how to improve on these and maximize your results while networking. You"ll start to get better at connecting with people and obtain more referrals.
小题1:This passage is meant for people who ______.| A．want to do more businesses | | B．often take instead of giving | | C．have poor communication and interpersonal skills | | D．want to improve their interpersonal relationship |
小题2:According to the second habit, we shouldn"t ______ when we are networking.| A．sell things | B．talk about dollars | | C．pay attention to money only | D．shake hands with everyone |
小题3:When talking with others, you should ______.| A．give out your cards and brochures every now and then | | B．talk about the quality of your product as much as possible | | C．interrupt others when they make a mistake | | D．let other people express themselves completely |
小题4:Which of the following is NOT correct about a salesman"s behavior?| A．He offers too much selfpromotion during the conversation. | | B．He considers carefully when he can get what he expects. | | C．He only focuses on one opportunity when networking. | | D．He keeps his promises and doesn"t expect too much from others. |
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Many parents are concerned that learning to read is too challenging a task for a pre-school child, but they should also remember that most children learn to speak by the time they are 3. Learning a language is probably the single most challenging task any individual can undertake, yet children do it without formal instruction, achieving the fluency much better than adult language students.
There is a window of opportunity in terms of IQ development, which is most open during a child’s early years. A scientific study, carried out by Dr. Peter Huttenlocher at the University of Chicago, showed that the number of connectors, called synapses（神经元突触）, between the nerve endings in a newborn baby’s brain is similar to the number in the average adult brain. These synapses increase rapidly during early childhood. By 12-24 months a child’s brain has about 50% more synapses than the average adult brain. After that the synapses which are not in use begin to atrophy（衰退）. For most people, from age 16, the number remains steady. It begins to drop again as we move into our golden years. Doing intellectual activities at a young age, such as learning to read, can stimulate（刺激）and preserve these connectors in the brain resulting in a long-term beneficial（有益的）effect on IQ development.
Another notable study is probably the Milwaukee project. This study took a group of babies, all of whose mothers had low IQs, and gave them special training for seven hours a day, five days a week, until they started first grade. By the age of 6 these children had an average IQ 30 points higher than their contemporaries. The overwhelming conclusion is that the early intellectual stimulation can have a positive, long-term effect on a child’s brain development.
From birth you should talk to and explain things to your baby. Reading to him can be a wonderful way of spending quality time with your child. The enjoyment of books and being familiar with the idea of print will pave the way for（为……铺平道路）learning to read later.
If your child is a fast learner you can help him realize his potential by introducing him to the joy of the printed word at an early age. This will lay the foundations（基础）for both a high achieving school career and a lifelong love of reading. If your child shows early signs of reading difficulties, your efforts may help him get rid of such problems before he goes to school.
It can be difficult to teach your own child because emotional（引起情绪激动的）issues arise easily. Online programs for learning to read English are excellent options. They allow children to repeat new materials as many times as they need to, without wearing out the parents’ patience.
小题1:What does the passage mainly discuss?| A．Children should be taught to read at an early age. | | B．Children can read better than most adult students. | | C．Children have more synapses than most adults. | | D．Children are supposed to learn to read on the Internet. |
小题2:Why does the author mention the study by Dr. Peter Hutten locher?| A．To remove parents’ worry. | | B．To explain IQ development. | | C．To explain how a baby’s brain works. | | D．To show the parents’ wrong ideas. |
小题3:How can children benefit from learning to read at a young age?| A．It can build up great confidence in their mind. | | B．It can help preserve the connectors in their brains. | | C．It can help produce more connectors in their brains. | | D．It can help them find both their weaknesses and strengths. |
小题4:At the end of this passage the author advises _______.| A．parents not to get angry too often | | B．children to enjoy reading as early as possible | | C．children not to wear out their parents’ patience | | D．parents to get their children to take an online program |
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