Warm water freezes（结冰） more quickly than cold water. Sir Francis Bacon said that
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Warm water freezes（结冰） more quickly than cold water. Sir Francis Bacon said that almost four hundred years ago. But few people believed him until 1970. In that year a Canadian scientist George Kill proved the English professor was right. Dr Kill filled an open oil pail(桶) with cold water. He filled another with warm water. He put both in the same low temperature. The warm water froze first. The lack of covers on the pails is the secret. Some of the warm water changed into vapor. This meant that less of the warm water was left to be frozen. And so the warm water froze faster than the cold water even though it had a greater temperature drop to make.
小题1:Hundreds of years ago, Sir Francis Bacon found _______.| A．the temperature of warm water drops faster than that of cold water | | B．warm water is heavier than cold water | | C．warm water has the same temperature as cold water | | D．warm water is not as useful as cold water |
小题2:What Sir Francis Bacon said was right, but people didn"t believe him until _______.| A．late in the 19th century | B．early in the 20th century | | C．three years ago | D．late in the 20th century |
小题3:Leave a pail with warm water and another pail with cold water in the same low temperature, you’ll find that _______.| A．cold water freezes first | | B．warm water turns into ice before cold water | | C．warm water and cold water freeze at the same time | | D．much of cold water is changed into air. |
小题4:Why does warm water freeze first in the same freezing weather? | A．Because some of the warm water turns to vapor, the amount(数量) becomes less than that of cold water. | | B．Because warm water is lighter than cold water. | | C．Because the temperature of warm water is lower than that of cold water. | | D．Because cold water freezes with more difficulty than warm water. |
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答案
小题1:A
小题2:D
小题3:B
小题4: A |
解析
试题分析：
小题1:A 细节题。根据1,2行Warm water freezes（结冰） more quickly than cold water. Sir Francis Bacon said that almost four hundred years ago.说明A正确。
小题2:D 细节题。根据第2行But few people believed him until 1970.说明直到20世纪70年代，即20世纪后半期人们才相信。故D正确。
小题3:B 细节题。根据4,5行He put both in the same low temperature. The warm water froze first.说明B正确。
小题4:A 细节题。根据5,6行Some of the warm water changed into vapor. This meant that less of the warm water was left to be frozen.说明A正确。
点评：本文解释了为什么热水比冷水更快结冰的原理。集中考查了细节题，在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 |
举一反三
Dogs may not know exactly what you are doing especially when you’re trying to figure out a square root or diagram a sentence. But according to a new study, dogs can understand what we’re thinking and feeling by reading our facial expressions and body language and following our eyes.
Researchers studied 29 dogs. The dogs were shown a movie where a woman looked directly at them and said “Hi dog!” Then, the woman looked at a flowerpot sitting next to her. The researchers found that when the woman looked at and spoke directly to a dog, the dog usually followed her eyes to the flowerpot. It proved that the dogs knew that the woman was thinking about the flowerpot.
“By following the eye movements of dogs, we were able to get a first-hand look at how their minds are actually working,” said Jozsef, the senior researcher.
Later in the movie, the woman said “Hi dogs” in a low voice and didn’t look at the dog before looking at the flowerpot. In that situation, the dogs didn’t seem to understand what the woman was thinking. There was no eye contact, and the woman didn’t appear to speak to the dogs directly.
That comes as no surprise to dog trainer Jones. “Dogs normally speak through nonverbal signals. It’s more natural to them,” she said. “If you’ve ever watched dogs at a dog park, you’ve seen it. Within 30 seconds they enter the park, much information has passed between the new dog and the ones already in the park. They’re exchanging looks, observing eyes and body posture. On the other hand, when you speak to a dog, they are learning a foreign language.”
Picking up your nonverbal signals seems more natural. So, if you were hoping that all this means your dog could help you solve your math problems, you’re probably out of luck. But he or she might be a lot more in tune with what you’re thinking than you previously thought.
小题1:How could the researchers find that the dogs understood the woman’s intention?| A．By speaking to them directly. | | B．By reading their eye movements. | | C．By following their facial expressions. | | D．By asking the dog trainer questions. |
小题2:According to the text, Jones finds that ______.| A．dogs usually speak through verbal signals | | B．dogs learn a great deal more at a dog park | | C．dogs can understand humans’ words easily | | D．dogs speak through eyes and body language |
小题3:It is implied in the text that dogs can read your emotions only if ______.| A．you manage to get their attention | | B．you like making friends with them | | C．you are familiar with their behavior | | D．you can pick up their verbal signals |
小题4:What does the underlined phrase “be in tune with” in the last paragraph mean?| A．refuse | B．approve | C．understand | D．love |
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When you make a mistake, big or small, cherish (珍视) it like it’s the most precious thing in the world, because in some ways, it is.
Most of us feel bad when we make mistakes, beat ourselves up about it, feel like failures, get mad at ourselves.
And that’s only natural. Most of us have been taught from a young age that mistakes are bad, and we should try to avoid mistakes. We’ve been scolded when we make mistakes—at home, school and work. Maybe not always, but probably enough times to make feeling bad about mistakes an unconscious（无意识的）reaction.
Yet without mistakes, we could not learn or grow. If you think about it that way, mistakes should be cherished and celebrated for being one of the most amazing things in the world. They make learning possible; they make growth and improvement possible.
By trial and error—trying things, making mistakes, and learning from those mistakes—we have figured out how to make electric light, to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, to fly.
Mistakes make walking possible for the smallest toddler, make speech possible, and make works of genius possible.
Think about how we learn：We don’t just consume information about something and instantly know it or know how to do it. You don’t just read about painting，or writing，or computer programming，or baking, or playing the piano, and know how to do them right away. Instead, you get information about something, from reading or from another person or from observing usually...then you construct a model in your mind...then you test it out by trying it in the real world...then you make mistakes...then you revise the model based on the results of your real world experimentation...and repeat, making mistakes, learning from those mistakes, until you’ve pretty much learned how to do something. That’s how we learn as babies and toddlers, and how we learn as adults. Mistakes are how we learn to do something new—because if you succeed at something, it’s probably something you already knew how to do. You haven’t really grown much from that success—at most it’s the last step on your journey, not the whole journey. Most of the journey is made up of mistakes, if it’s a good journey.
So if you value learning，if you value growing and improving，then you should value mistakes. They are amazing things that make a world of brilliance possible.
小题1:Why do most of us feel bad about making mistakes?| A．Because mistakes make us suffer a lot. | | B．Because it’s a natural part in our life. | | C．Because we’ve been taught so from a young age. | | D．Because mistakes have ruined many people’s careers. |
小题2:According to the passage, what is the right attitude to mistakes?| A．We should try to avoid making mistakes. | | B．We should owe great inventions mainly to mistakes. | | C．We should treat mistakes as good chances to learn. | | D．We should make feeling bad about mistakes an unconscious reaction. |
小题3:The underlined word “toddler” in Paragraph 6 probably means ________.| A．a small child learning to walk | | B．a kindergarten child learning to draw | | C．a primary pupil learning to read | | D．a school teenager learning to write |
小题4:We can learn from the passage that ________.| A．most of us can really grow from success | | B．growing and improving are based on mistakes | | C．we learn to make mistakes by trial and error | | D．we read about something and know how to do it right away |
小题5:What is the best title of this passage? | A．Value Mistakes | B．Mistakes Make Things Possible | | C．Try to Avoid Mistakes | D．Life is a Journey Full of Mistakes |
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One night recently, I was driving down a two-lane highway at about 60 miles an hour. A car approached from the opposite direction at about the same speed. As we passed each other, I caught the other driver’s eye for only a second. I wondered whether he might be thinking, as I was, how dependent we were on each other at that moment. I was relying on him not to fall asleep, not to be distracted (分心) by a phone conversation, not to cross over into my lane and bring my life to a sudden end. Though we had never spoken a word to each other, he relied on me in just the same way.
Multiplied a million times over, I believe that is the way the world works. At some level, we all depend upon one another. Sometimes that dependence requires us simply not to do something like crossing over the double yellow line. And sometimes it requires us to act cooperatively, with friends or even with strangers.
As technology makes our world smaller and smaller, the need increases for cooperative action among nations. In 2003, doctors in five nations were quickly organized to identify the SARS virus, which saved thousands of lives. The threat of international terrorism has shown itself to be a similar problem, one requiring team action by police and intelligence forces across the world. We must recognize that our fates are not ours alone to control.
In my own life, I used to put great stock in personal responsibility. But, as time has passed, I’ve also come to believe that there are moments when one must rely upon the good faith and judgment of others. So, while each of us faces the case of driving alone down a dark road, what we must learn with experience is that the approaching light may not be a threat, but a shared moment of trust.
小题1:The author considers it very important ______.| A．to drive with a companion | B．to have personal independence | | C．to gain certain responsibility | D．to share trust and cooperation |
小题2:The author said that they depended on each other in the same way because ______.| A．the approaching car was very dangerous | | B．they both drove their car at a terrific speed | | C．he might be killed out of the other’s careless driving | | D．it was dark and the road was not wide enough |
小题3: From the second paragraph, we know the author drew the important lesson from ______.| A．only one experience | B．many similar experiences | | C．a driver on a dark road | D．many friends and strangers |
小题4:The need for cooperation increases because ______.| A．people’s fates can’t be controlled by themselves | | B．certain viruses can spread in a quick way | | C．terrorism can happen everywhere and every day | | D．the world has become much more dangerous |
小题5:We can infer from the last paragraph that the author has ______.| A．believed in one’s own personal responsibility | | B．counted upon himself alone in everything | | C．had no trust in others’ good faith and judgment | | D．had a change on his viewpoint of life |
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Clearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live, we must communicate with other people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by the simple means of speech. If we travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we are likely to have conversations where we give information or opinions, receive news or comment, and very likely to have our views challenged by other members of society.
Face to face contact is by no means the only form of communication and during the last two hundred years the art of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of contemporary society. Two things, above others, have caused the enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has led to advanced imprinting, telecommunications photography, radio and television. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the transmission (传输) and reception of communications so that local news often takes a back seat to national news, which itself is often almost eclipsed( 侵蚀) by international news.
No longer is the possession of information confined to(只限于) a privileged minority. In the last century the wealthy man with his own library was indeed fortunate, but today there are public libraries. For years ago people used to flock to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a programme that is being channeled into millions of homes.
Communication is no longer merely concerned with the transmission of information. The modem communication industry influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing access to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all involved with informing, educating and entertaining.
Although a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is very valuable to the individual and to the society of which he is part, the vast modem network of communications is open to abuse(滥用). However, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no turning back.
小题1:In the first paragraph the writer emphasizes the of face-to-face contact in social setting.| A．nature | B．limitation | C．creativity | D．usefulness |
小题2:It is implied in the passage that .| A．local news used to be the only source of information | | B．local news still takes a significant place | | C．national news is becoming more popular | | D．international news is the fastest transmitted news |
小题3:Which of the following statements is NOT true? | A．Possessing information used to be a privilege. | | B．Public libraries have replaced the private completely. | | C．Communication means more than transmission. | | D．Information influences ways of life and thinking. |
小题4:From the last paragraph we can infer that the writer is .| A．indifferent to the harmful influence of the mass media | | B．happy about the flexible changes in the mass media | | C．pessimistic about the future of the mass media | | D．concerned about the wrong use of the mass media |
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Advertising is a highly developed twentieth-century industry. The development of radio, television, cinema, magazines and newspapers has gone hand in hand with the development of advertising. Why is advertising so popular? Is it a waste of money? It has been proved again and again that repeated advertising increases product sales. Since it increases production, the price can be reduced. Therefore advertising, instead of making a product more expensive, makes it cheaper.
Advertising is now a scientific business. Once managers would say jokingly, " I know that half of what I spend on advertising is wasted, but I don"t know which half." Now, all parts of an advertising program are properly measured and researched.
What makes a good advertisement? There have been major changes in advertising in the past sixty years. People read advertisements partly for information and partly for pleasure. Today"s advertisements often start with a question, or a puzzle, with the purpose of attracting the reader"s attention. Of course, most advertisements contain information. But this is usually contained in a text that is interesting and often funny. Humor is very important. Sometimes advertisements tell a story, or the story may be continued over a number of advertisements. However, there is a danger in this. It is possible that the reader or viewer will remember the advertisement but not the name of the product.
小题1:The purpose of advertising is ____.| A．to increase product sales | | B．to make a product much better | | C．to spend more money | | D．to reduce the production |
小题2:Which of the following can be used in place of the underlined phrase "hand in hand" ?| A．Here and there. | B．Again and again. | | C．As usual. | D．At the same time. |
小题3: What is meant by what managers said in the second paragraph?| A．A11 the money on advertising was wasted. | | B．Not all the advertisements were well designed. | | C．A11 the managers knew about advertising then. | | D．Managers spent no money on advertising. |
小题4:What does the writer think of advertising?| A．Useless. | B．Unnecessary. | C．Important. | D．Wasteful. |
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