Scientists studying the impact of climate change on the Arctic need to consider

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Scientists studying the impact of climate change on the Arctic need to consider

题型：不详难度：来源：
Scientists studying the impact of climate change on the Arctic need to consider ways to reduce their own carbon footprints(碳排放量), says Ryan Brook, a researcher who regularly flies north to study the health of caribous(驯鹿).He calls on scientists to show leadership by examining and sharing ways to reduce the impact of working in polar regions.
“The importance of the research is not at question here. It is important to our understanding of and adapting to climate change. But we need to think about better approaches,” says Brook.
“This is an issue for all scientists, though polar researchers often travel particularly long distances using commercial air travel. We also rely extensively on small aircraft, icebreakers, and snowmobiles, all of which produce large amounts of carbon.”
Brook studies the health of caribou herds in Nunavut and Northwest Territories. He works with northern wildlife managers. This work typically takes him north five or six times per year and when he calculated his own carbon footprint, he was not happy with the result.
“My research footprints are about the same as the annual footprints of an average Toronto resident. Basically, I have two footprints — my own personal life, which is moderate, and my research footprint.”
Climate scientists can rightly argue that Arctic research is a specialized field and the community of scientists who travel north is relatively small. Even if all scientists working in the north reduced their carbon emissions, it would not make a big impact on the global scale. For Brook, it’s the option that matters.
There are ways researchers can reduce the amount of carbon they use. Some helicopters use less fuel than others. Solar and wind power are alternatives to gas-fired generators. And while carbon offsets(抵消) don’t reduce the amount of carbon emitted, they are an easy first step.
“There aren’t necessarily any easy answers, but we need to start talking about it,” says Brook. “This is particularly important for the next generation of scientists being trained and I hope to see them become leaders in this issue.”
小题1:What did Brook find when he calculated his own carbon footprints?
A．His carbon footprints are more than the annual footprints of a Toronto resident.
B．His personal life footprints are more than the annual footprints of a Toronto resident.
C．His research footprints are about the same as his personal life footprints.
D．His personal life footprints are more than his research footprints.
小题2: Brook’s opinion is challenged by the statement that       .
A．arctic research is very important
B．the Arctic is a special environment
C．the footprints of Arctic scientists are small
D．Brook’s situation is a common phenomenon
小题3:We can infer from the last paragraph that         .
A．we should take actions immediately instead of just talking
B．it’s easy to start talking about the problem of carbon emissions
C．it’s necessary now to pay attention to the problem of research footprints
D．the next generation of scientists are more interested in research footprints
小题4:What’s the main idea of the text?
A．The importance of arctic research is not at question.
B．Climate change becomes worse because of arctic research.
C．Brook suggests ways of reducing the use of carbon.
D．Scientists must look at their own carbon footprints.

答案

小题1:A
小题1:C
小题1:C
小题1:D
解析
略
举一反三
In July 1994 Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, was struck by 21 pieces of a comet（彗星）. When the fragment（碎片）landed in the southern part of the giant planet, the explosions were watched by scientists here on earth. But what if our own planet was hit by a comet?
The year is 2094. It has been announced that a comet is heading towards the Earth. Most of it will miss our planet, but two fragments will probably hit the southern part of the Earth. The news has caused panic.
On 17 July, a fragment four kilometers wide enters the Earth’s atmosphere with a huge explosion. About half of the fragment is destroyed. But the major part survives and hits the South Atlantic at 200 times the speed of sound. The sea boils and an enormous wave is created and spreads. The wall of water rushes towards southern Africa at 800 kilometers an hour. Cities on the African coast are totally destroyed and millions of people are drowned. The wave moves into the Indian Ocean and heads towards Asia.
Millions of people are already dead in the southern part of the Earth, but the north won’t escape for long. Tons of broken pieces are thrown into the atmosphere by the explosions. As the sun is hidden by clouds of dust, temperatures around the world fall to almost zero. Crops are ruined. Wars break out as countries fight for food. A year later civilization has collapsed. No more than 10 million people have survived.
Could it really happen? In fact, it has already happened more than once in the history of the Earth. The dinosaurs（恐龙）were on the Earth for over 160 million years. Then 65 million years ago they suddenly disappeared. Many scientists believe that the Earth was hit by a space fragment. The dinosaurs couldn’t survive in the cold climate that followed and they became extinct. Will we meet the same end?
小题1: Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the author’s description of the disaster in 2094?
The whole mankind becomes extinct.
All the coastal cities in African are destroyed.
The whole world becomes extremely cold.
The visit of the comet results in wars.
小题2:Why does the author mention dinosaurs at the end of the passage?
A．Because they could only live in the warm climate.
B．Because they once dominated the Earth.
C．Because dinosaurs and humans never live in the same age.
D．Because their extinction indicates future disasters
小题3: In writing the passage, the author intends to __________.
A．give an accurate description of the possible disaster in the future
B．warn of a possible disaster in the future
C．tell the historical development of the Earth
D．prove that humans will sooner or later be destroyed
小题4:It can be concluded that the passage is most probably part of a(n) __________.
A．horror storyB．news report
C．article of popular scienceD．research paper

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案
Fish Ears Tell Fish Tales
　 Fish have ears. Really. They’re quite small and have no opening to the outside world carrying sound through the body. For the past seven years, Simon Thorrold, a university professor, has been examining fish ears, small round ear bones called otoliths (耳石).
　 As fish grow, so do their otoliths. Each day, their otoliths gain a ring of calcium carbonate (碳酸钙). By looking through a microscope and counting these rings, Thorrold can determine the exact age of a young fish. As a fish gets older, its otoliths no longer get daily rings. Instead, they get yearly rings, which can also be counted, giving information about the fish’s age, just like the growth rings of a tree.
　 Ring counting is nothing new to fish scientists. But Thorrold has turned to a new direction. They’re examining the chemical elements (元素) of each otolith ring.
　 The daily ring gives us the time, but chemistry tells us about the environment in which the fish swam on any given day. These elements tell us about the chemistry of the water that the fish was in. It also says something about water temperature, which determines how much of these elements will gather within each otolith ring.
　 Thorrold can tell, for example, if a fish spent time in the open ocean before entering the less salty water of coastal areas. He can basically tell where fish are spending their time at any given stage of history.
　 In the case of the Atlantic croaker, a popular saltwater food fish, Thorrold and his assistant have successfully followed the travelling of young fish from mid-ocean to the coast, a journey of many hundreds of miles.
　 This is important to managers in the fish industry, who know nearly nothing about the whereabouts of the young fish for most food fish in the ocean. Eager to learn about his technology, fish scientists are now lending Thorrold their ears.
小题1:What can we learn about fish ears from the text?
A．They are small soft rings.
B．They are not seen from the outside.
C．They are openings only on food fish.
D．They are not used to receive sound.
小题2:Why does the writer compare the fish to trees?
A．Trees gain a growth ring each day.
B．Trees also have otoliths.
C．Their growth rings are very small.
D．They both have growth rings.
小题3:Why is it important to study the chemistry of otolith rings?
A．The elements of the otoliths can tell the history of the sea.
B．Chemical contents of otoliths can tell how fast fish can swim.
C．We can know more about fish and their living environment.
D．Scientists can know exactly how old a fish is.
小题4:How would you understand “fish scientists are now lending their ears”?
A．They are very interested in Thorrold’s research findings.
B．They want to know where they can find fish.
C．They lend their fish for chemical studies.
D．They wonder if Thorrold can find growth rings from their ears.

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案
Are you a man or a mouse? When people ask this question they want to know whether you think you are a  36  person or a coward (懦夫). But you will never really know the answer to this question  37  you are tested in real life. Some people think they are brave, but when they come face to face with real  38 , they act like cowards. Others think of themselves as cowards, but when they meet danger, they act like heroes.
Lenny had always thought of himself as a  39  person. He got worried before examinations. He worried about his job and health. All he wanted in life was to be safe and healthy. Then on January 15th, 2002, a plane crashed into the Potomac River in Washington. Lenny happened to see a woman in the ice-cold water. He did not feel afraid. He 40  very calm and did a very dangerous thing. He jumped into the Potomac,  41  to the woman, and kept her head  42  the water. Seventy-eight people died that day. Thanks to Lenny, it was not  43  .
When you are in a very dangerous situation and feel afraid, the body automatically(自动地) produces a chemical called adrenalin in the blood. With adrenalin in the blood system, you actually feel stronger and stronger and are   44  to fight or run away. However, when you are terrified greatly, the body can produce too much adrenalin.   45  this happens, the muscles become very hard. You are then paralyzed (麻木) with fear. This is why when we are extremely frightened, we sometimes say we are “petrified”. This word   46  a Greek word “petros”, which means “stone”.  We are  47  frightened that we become stonelike.
小题1:
A．braveB．realC．hardD．certain
小题2:
A．whenB．untilC．afterD．once
小题3:
A．lifeB．questionC．mouseD．danger
小题4:
A．usefulB．braveC．nervousD．terrible
小题5:
A．hadB．keptC．letD．made
小题6:
A．wentB．ranC．spokeD．swam
小题7:
A．inB．underC．aboveD．from
小题8:
A．an accident B．a mistakeC．seventy-eightD．seventy-nine
小题9:
A．readyB．unable C．afraidD．anxious
小题10:
A．BeforeB．WhenC．UnlessD．While
小题11:
A．comes from B．comes backC．comes on D．comes across
小题12:
A．suchB．veryC．soD．really

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案
“You know, these cups bring to mind a tea quote(说法) I heard.” Mary’s aunt said.
She poured tea. There were four of them and there were four totally different cups on the table.
They took their tea cups.
“What quote?” Mary asked.
“Well, maybe I should rather say it is a story,” aunt said, “I heard that there was a wise teacher who took all his students for tea. They were surprised that all the cups on the table were different. Each of them took a cup and started drinking their tea, each looking at the cups of others. The teacher let them do that for a while and then said,‘ Do you notice your behavior? You are all looking at each other’s tea cup and I can see some of you with the broken ones are even envious(羡慕的) of the finer cups of others. Is this not so?’ ”
The students agreed, amused by their own behavior.
“You may have wondered why you all had different cups, but I put them here on purpose. You see they represent (代表) life itself. Life is like that tea and the cups are like the physical circumstances(状况) of your life. You all got the same thing in your cups — tea. And yet you can not truly enjoy it in your envy of another’s cup. It’s just the same with life. You forget to enjoy your own life when you concentrate on envying the circumstances of someone else’s life.
So now, close your eyes, and taste your own tea. Really taste it. And tell me — did it matter from which cup it came from?”
Aunt finished telling her short tea story and they all sat in silence for a while, tasting their tea. A sleepy fly buzzed(嗡嗡作响) past, a bird sang in the tree. And it really did not matter one bit from which tea cup they drank.
小题1: When the students found they had different tea cups, they_____________.
A．were satisfied with their own cup
B．were angry about the broken cups they had been given
C．asked the teacher to get new cups for them
D．were curious about the difference between the cups
小题2:From the text, we know that _____________.
A．the teacher prepared different tea cups for each student
B．the teacher should have given the students the same cups
C．the teacher made the tea cups different by mistake.
D．each student took their time to choose a cup they liked
小题3: According to the passage, by comparing the cups to the physical circumstances of people’s life, the teacher meant that people_______.
A．should try different ways of life
B．shouldn’t focus on envy others’ physical circumstances
C．can never change their physical circumstances
D．should work hard for a better life
小题4: In the passage the teacher’s message to the students was that _______.
A．life is hard and boring for everyone
B．it is strange to be envious of the lives of others
C．everyone should learn to enjoy his own life
D．people act differently in different circumstances
小题5: What can be the best title for the passage?
A．More than tea in a cupB．The value of tea
C．Tea vs cupD．Enjoying tea with a broken cup

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案
Do you know what kind of things the young people are reading? More and more  36  and parents have noticed another kind of pollution, which comes from the printed papers  37  on streets.
　　These printed things 38  newspapers but have hardly anything to do with 39 . You can only find reading materials badly made up there---some are too strange for anyone to 40 ,  others are frightening stories of something  41  .However, many of the young readers are getting interested in such  42  reading, which  43 them what they should pay for their breakfast and brings them nightmares（噩梦）and immoral（邪恶）ideas in  44 .  Homework is left  45 ,  and daily games are lost.
　　These sellers shout on streets selling their papers well. The writers, publishers and printers,  46  they are, we never know,  are  47 their silent money.
The sheep-skinned wolf’s story seems to have been forgotten once again .Why not 48 this kind of thing? Yes, both teachers and parents have asked each other for more strict control of the young readers.  49  ,the more you want to forbid it, the more they want to have a look at it. 50  you may even find  several children, driven by the curious natures,  51  one patched paper,  which has travelled from hand to hand.
　　It really does 52  to our society. It has already formed a sort of moral pollution. The  53  teachers and parents need more powerful support in their protection of the young generation. At the same time the young 54  need more interesting books to help them  55  those ugly papers.
小题1:
A．teachers　　B．writers　　C．readers　　　D．students
小题2:
A．found　　　B．soldC．printed　　　D．put
小题3:
A．depend on　B．work outC．look like　　D．act as
小题4:
A．it　　B．themC．children　　D．young people
小题5:
A．understand　B．think　　　C．believe　　D．know
小题6:
A．more importantB．still worseC．even betterD．very good
小题7:
A．poisonous　　B．wonderfulC．interesting　D．useful
小题8:
A．takes　　　　B．spendsC．paysD．costs
小题9:
A．use　　　　B．sightC．common　　D．return
小题10:
A．undone　　　B．unknownC．much　　　　D．less
小题11:
A．who　　　　B．whatC．whoeverD．whatever
小题12:
A．using　　　B．making　C．spending　　D．wasting
小题13:
A．stop　　　　B．forbidC．separate　　　D．leave
小题14:
A．Happily　　B．LuckilyC．UnfortunatelyD．Badly
小题15:
A．Seldom　　　B．AlwaysC．Hardly　　　D．Sometimes
小题16:
A．take　　　　B．shareC．get　　D．hold
小题17:
A．harm　　　　B．goodC．favorD．wrong
小题18:
A．worried　　　B．puzzledC．surprised　　D．disappointed
小题19:
A．writers　　　B．teachersC．parents　　　D．readers
小题20:
A．get off　　　B．come intoC．break down　D．get rid of

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